Host-microbe interactions play crucial roles in marine ecosystems, but we still have very little understanding of the mechanisms that govern these relationships, the evolutionary processes that shape them, and their ecological consequences. The holobiont concept is a renewed paradigm in biology that can help describe and understand these complex systems. It posits that a host and its associated microbiota, living together in a long-lasting relationship, form the holobiont, and have to be studied together, as a coherent biological and functional unit, in order to understand the biology, ecology and evolution of the organisms. Here we discuss critical concepts and opportunities in marine holobiont research and identify key challenges in the field. We highlight the potential economic, sociological, and environmental impacts of the holobiont concept in marine biological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences with comparisons to terrestrial science whenever appropriate. A deeper understanding of such complex systems, however, will require further technological and conceptual advances. The most significant challenge will be to bridge functional research on simple and tractable model systems and global approaches. This will require scientists to work together as an (inter)active community in order to address, for instance, ecological and evolutionary questions and the roles of holobionts in biogeochemical cycles.
O presente artigo tem o objetivo de fazer uma análise da segurança alimentar sob a ótica do Direito Econômico Internacional. Primeiro discorre sobre as causas da insegurança alimentar, em seguida faz um histórico global e brasileiro, fazendo na sequência um análise do desperdício, contextualizando a questão no Direito Econômico Ambiental Internacional e na defesa dos Direitos Humanos, para, por fim, tratar da problemática sob a perspectiva da governança global. A conclusão principal do trabalho é que a insegurança alimentar vem sendo causada pela má distribuição e não por falta propriamente de alimentos e que as ferramentas de governança global para coordenar interesses antagônicos na busca do objetivo comum da erradicação da fome têm muito a melhorar. A metodologia escolhida foi a análise qualitativa com pesquisa documental, legislativa e bibliográfica.
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