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This paper is a study on child poverty from two perspectives: child income poverty (derived from family income) and child deprivation (evaluated by non-monetary indicators). On the one hand, empirical evidence supports the thesis that income-based poverty measures and deprivation measures do not overlap. On the other hand, the relationship between poverty and the child's living conditions is not linear. Uses micro-econometric techniques to analyse child income poverty and present deprivation indicators, and thereby an index of child deprivation, to study child poverty. The measurements used are centred on the child. The results obtained support the thesis that the study of child poverty differs whether the focus is on the child or on the family.

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In this article we investigate the main causes of school failure in the primary public schools in Lisbon. Poisson count-data models are used to analyse the relationship between the number of failures and a wide set of explanatory variables. However heterogeneity due to unobserved differences in intellectual abilities of the students is of primary concern. Neglecting it causes biased estimates and therefore a proper method is required to accommodate it. In this article we suggest a finite mixture of Poisson's. We found that variables associated to gender, ethnicity, family dimension, parent's level of education and income poverty are the most important observable determinants of school failure.