Prophylactic surfactant was not superior to nCPAP and early selective surfactant in decreasing the need for MV in the first 5 days of life and the incidence of main morbidities of prematurity in spontaneously breathing very preterm infants on nCPAP.

Objective To study the incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors, imaging diagnosis, and clinical outcome of perinatal stroke.Methods Data was retrospectively collected from full-term newborns admitted to the neonatal unit of a level III maternity in Lisbon with cerebral stroke, from January 2007 to December 2011.Results There were 11 cases of stroke: nine were arterial ischemic stroke and two were cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. We estimated an incidence of arterial ischemic stroke of 1.6/5,000 births and of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis of 7.2/100,000 births. There were two cases of recurrent stroke. Eight patients presented with symptoms while the remaining three were asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed. The most frequently registered symptoms (8/11) were seizures; in that, generalized clonic (3/8) and focal clonic (5/8). Strokes were more commonly left-sided (9/11), and the most affected artery was the left middle cerebral artery (8/11). Transfontanelle ultrasound was positive in most of the patients (10/11), and stroke was confirmed by cerebral magnetic resonance in all patients. Electroencephalographic recordings were carried out in five patients and were abnormal in three (focal abnormalities n=2, burst-suppression pattern n=1). Eight patients had previously identified risk factors for neonatal stroke which included obstetric and neonatal causes. Ten patients were followed up at outpatients setting; four patients developed motor deficits and one presented with epilepsy.Conclusions Although a modest and heterogeneous sample, this study emphasizes the need for a high level of suspicion when it comes to neonatal stroke, primarily in the presence of risk factors. The prevalence of neurological sequelae in our series supports the need of long-term follow-up and early intervention strategies.

This study assesses the epidemiology of invasive fungal infection (IFI) in Portuguese Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) and compares the effectiveness and safety of antifungal therapies. A survey concerning the period 2005-2010 was carried out in NICUs of Greater Lisbon. Among 10 473 admitted neonates, 44 cases were identified, 29 among extreme low birth weight neonates (65.9%). Cumulative incidence rate was 0.42% (95%CI 0.309-0.559). A central vascular catheter was present before IFI in all cases. Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis were the most frequent isolates. The initial antifungic was fluconazole in 22 cases and liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) in 18. Therapy was switched in 10 patients on fluconazole and 3 on L-AmB. Case fatality rate was 11.4% (95%CI 4.39-23.91). No serious adverse drugs reactions (SADRs) or clinical side effects were observed. The knowledge of the local epidemiology helps to identify adequate prophylactic and treatment strategies.

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Objective: We designed a study with a primary objective of comparing the effectiveness of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) versus bi-level CPAP (BiPAP) as the primary mode of non-invasive ventilation in preterm newborns. The primary outcome was need for invasive ventilation in the first 120 hours of life. The secondary objective was to compare these two groups regarding duration of non-invasive ventilation, use of surfactant, incidence of pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), peri and intraventricular haemorrhage (PIVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), sepsis, length of hospitalisation and mortality.Methods: Prospective, multicentre clinical trial enrolling 220 neonates born at 27 to 32+6 weeks of gestation randomly assigned at birth for either CPAP or BiPAP. Results:One hundred and nine neonates received NCPAP and 111 BiPAP. Invasive ventilation was needed in 18.3% in the CPAP group and 14.4% in the BiPAP group. This difference was not statistically significant. However, when stratifying the groups regarding gestational age (GA), we found a tendency favouring BiPAP in subgroup of 30 to 32+6 weeks. There was no difference regarding the secondary outcomes, except for an increase in NEC in the CPAP group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association between absence of premature rupture of membranes and the need of invasive ventilation within the first 120 hours of life, independently on the assigned mode of non invasive ventilation. Conclusion:BiPAP and CPAP are both effective and safe as a primary mode of ventilation in preterms between 27 and 32+6 weeks without important complications. In a subgroup of 30 to 32+6 weeks of gestation a better outcome using BiPAP was observed.