Although vanilla originated from Mexico and an important pathogen for this plant is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanilla , studies concerning their association are limited. Previous reports on agents that cause root and stem rot in vanilla clearly indicate that Fusarium species are associated with this disease. During 2009 and 2010 in Papantla, which is the greatest vanilla-producing region of Mexico, the fungus was isolated from vanilla roots and stems that showed symptoms of the disease. From 189 isolates of Fusarium, 11 morphologically different colonies were selected to verify the species of each colony by microscopic observation of their morphological characteristics when cultivated on SNA and PDA media and by amplifying and sequencing their ITS regions. The detected species corresponded to F. proliferatum , Fusarium sp., F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (which was the most numerous and most pathogenic to vanilla stems and leaves), an undetermined species of Fusarium , and F. proliferatum , which showed no evidence of producing disease symptoms.

La estructura y composición arbórea se analizaron en un fragmento de bosque mesófilo de montaña en la zona centro del estado de Veracruz. Para ello, se establecieron tres transectos de 2,000 m2, en los cuales se tomaron datos dasométricos a todos los individuos con diámetro normal mayor de 10 cm. Se encontraron 239 individuos pertenecientes a 14 especies, 12 géneros y 12 familias. La familia Fagaceae fue dominante en las áreas de muestreo. Quercus salicifolia, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus leiophylla y Alchornea latifolia fueron las especies más importantes. Éstas presentaron relaciones alométricas significativas entre las variables cobertura-diámetro normal, y altura-diámetro normal (excepto A. latifolia). Se plantea una posible variante sinecológica de bosque mesófilo de montaña, a través de la asociación Q. salicifolia-L. styraciflua, lo cual refleja la baja riqueza florística reportada.

Cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L.) is native from South America and it represents one of the most significant "bio-cultural" resources of Mesoamerica, since it is a region where it was domesticated and had a relevance as ritual drink and as currency in many pre-hispanic cultures until the arrival of the Spaniards who spread its use worldwide, and became it one of the most consumed commodity goods. Through this research, an alternative is proposed to address the problem of cultivars through the introduction of a wide variety of cocoa plants in traditional agroforestry systems, in synergy with the inoculation of nitrogen-fixing and insoluble phosphor solubilizing edaphic bacterial consortia. Four cultivars of improved grafted cocoa plants were introduced in a traditional agroforestry plot and three fertilization treatments were applied: application of biofertilizer, application of chemical fertilizer and control. Measurements of height, stem diameter, number of leaves and branches were recorded at 2 and 12 months after planting and rhizosphere microbial populations were characterized. Growth results showed good potential for all studied cultivars and it was observed that biofertilization foresees significant effects in some of the growth indicators of cocoa plant. Thereby, plant associations in an agroforestry system could be favorable to promote fruit development and resistance to pests and diseases.

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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in <em>Theobroma cacao</em> through a genotyping-by-sequencing approach. Through this research it is shared for the first time a set of results related to genetic variability and nature of conserved coding regions of reduced nucleotide sequences of mexican native varieties of cocoa.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis:</strong> Obtaining reduced genomes of <em>T. cacao</em> specimens by restriction enzymes (REs) allows the characterization of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as conserved coding regions (CDs).</p><p><strong>Species of study and dates:</strong> <em>Theobroma cacao </em>L. (Malvaceae)</p><p>Study site: <em>Theobroma cacao</em> twigs came from traditional agroforestry plots located in the municipalities of Cardenas, Huimanguillo, Comalcalco, Paraiso, Jalpa de Mendez and Cunduacan, Tabasco, as well as Ixtacomitan and Pichucalco, Chiapas, Mexico; and they were collected and grafted among May and June from 2018.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> A method of genotyping-by-sequencing for the characterization of biobanks was developed. Filtering of crude sequences, genomic assembly, identification of SNPs, taxonomic molecular characterization and characterization of coding regions as well as minimum evolution of protein transcripts were performed.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> <em>Theobroma cacao</em> samples showed different SNPs percentages (2 – 11 %) and the molecular evolution analyzes suggested similar maximum compound probabilities respect to their phylogeny. Conserved sequences were observed in the genomes´ coding regions, which suggest heuristic ontological predictions that have been evolutionarily regrouped in five clusters related to transcription processes and secondary metabolism.</p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The GBS method allows to identify SNPs in cocoa. The characterization of reduced genomes determined the structural and transcriptional correlation between the samples and the reference genome of cacao Criollo.