This paper presents a new procedure for the building information modeling (BIM) characterization of structural topologies manufactured with plastic materials and fused deposition modeling (FDM) additive technology. The procedure presented here transforms the architectural geometry into an expanded three-dimensional model, capable of directly linking the topology of the plastic structure with the technological, functional and economic requirements for working in advanced construction 4.0 environments. The model incorporates a new algorithm whose objective is to recognize the topological surface of the plastic structural part obtaining in a fully automated way the FDM manufacturing time as well as the manufacturing cost. The new algorithm starts from the voxelized geometrical surface of the architectural model, calculating the manufacturing time from the full geometric path traveled by the extruder in a voxel, the extruder’s speed, the print pattern and the layer height. In this way it is possible to obtain a complete digital model capable of managing and analyzing the plastic architectural object in an advanced BIM 4.0 environment. The model presented in this paper was applied to two architectural structures designed for a real urban environment. The final structural geometries have been obtained through topological processes in order to reduce the raw plastic manufacturing material and to improve the plastic structure strength. The architectural elements have been validated structurally by the means of numerical simulations, following the scenario of loads and boundary conditions required for the real project. The displacement maps point to a maximum value of 0.5 mm according to the project requirements. The Von Mises stress fields indicate maximum values of 0.423 and 0.650 MPa, not exceeding in any case the tensile yield strength of the thermoplastic material.
The use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) technology within the fields of ecology and biology has increased over recent years. With Global Positioning System, GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, Galileo, and BeiDou systems fully deployed, >140 navigation satellites are currently available for navigation and high precision positioning applications. The technological improvements in GNSS devices, mainly due to the multi-frequency capability, reduce signal acquisition time and increase the reliability, the continuity, and the accuracy of the estimated position, especially in complex environments like forests or areas with a steep topography.This study aims to test experimentally the influence of multiconstellation multi-frequency modules on the performance of the GNSS collars used to monitor wildlife. We applied static and kinematic tests designed to assess and compare the performance of GNSS collars equipped with a single-frequency versus a multi-frequency chipset. We evaluated the availability and continuity of solutions, number of satellites used, dilution of precision, precision, accuracy, and repeatability of these quality parameters for GNSS devices in southeastern Spain
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