The study of the History of Spanish America owes much to the western written culture, also today the legacy of the Amerindian oral tradition is recovered. The primary sources offer a spontaneous panorama in the testimonial, rich, diverse and abundant, not exempt from a necessary criticism and crossing of testimonies. The notorious american chronicles obey a specific time and place, and manifest an explicit interest in the knowledge and possession of the New World, its nature and its people. At the same time that the associated alterity and identity are analyzed, the alien gaze and the connection of cultures turned into biological miscegenation and cultural syncretism are not ignored.
The decolonization of the Spanish-French Protectorate of Morocco initiated after the dethronement of Sultan Mohammed V on August 20, 1953 was a process that was accelerated as a result of the action of terrorism. The way in which the French protectorate administration managed this event unilaterally, without the favor of either Spain or the international community, ended up precipitating that over the next three years the Protectorate of Morocco was plunged into a climate of strong socio-political instability capitalized by the action of terrorism sponsored by the nationalist elements as an instrument to achieve the emancipation of the Alaouite country. The colonial conflict in the Protectorate could only be quelled when France finally agreed to hold diplomatic negotiations with the Moroccan nationalist movements and the legitimate sultan, culminating in the recognition of Morocco's independence in March 1956.
A lo largo de la historia el espacio público de pueblos y ciudades se ha caracterizado por acoger y favorecer tanto los encuentros e intercambios culturales como las revoluciones y cambios sociales. En el caso de Occidente, éstas han fomentado la expansión territorial de la democracia. Pero ¿qué ocurre cuando la reivindicación, lucha o incluso revolución de plazas y calles sirve para revertir todos los avances democráticos alcanzados? En este artículo se analizan las demandas independentistas en los entornos urbanos vascos durante los años de 1969-2011. Para ello, se emplea una metodología de revisión bibliográfica de las acciones realizadas los núcleos urbanos mediante las manifestaciones artísticas relativas al independentismo y terrorismo vasco. Hasta lograr así, mermar la neutralidad del espacio público hasta apropiarse de él. De esta forma, se expone la evolución del independentismo y terrorismo vasco mediante las perspectivas ciudadanas a través de sus pintadas, murales y carteles.
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