Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the best way to implement sustainable practices in the Logistics Social Responsibility field. Using the best practices (BPs) approach, the authors have answered the question about how logistics function can take on board the principles of sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review has been applied, with an analysis of 194 papers from relevant logistics/supply chain management (SCM)-related journals over a 20-year time frame. Findings – The authors have identified a first set of traditional BPs that are still relevant in the sustainability context, a second set of innovative sustainable BPs and a third set that can be considered sustainable BPs evolved from the traditional cost-efficiency approach, serving as a link between the other ones. This proposed taxonomy of BPs charts a progressive path toward integration of sustainable principles in SC-logistics operations. Research limitations/implications – The methodological approaches applied entail inherent limitations. However, the authors have set out to ensure rigor by following a structured process approach. Originality/value – The work contributes by filling two recurring gaps identified in the literature: the need to integrate social and environmental issues and develop more practical tools for implementing sustainable SCM. The progressive way of implementing sustainable BPs has advantages for logistics managers, especially when companies have limited resources for transforming their logistics process into a sustainable process. Additionally, future academic research topics are proposed.
Plants face a dilemma about sodium metabolism. Uptake of ubiquitous sodium ions is desirable as a way to build osmotic potential, absorb water and sustain turgor, but excess sodium ions may be toxic. Information from a number of plant species about the proteins involved in sodium-ion uptake helps to explain how plants manage to take in just the right amount. The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/6/reviews/1017 © BioMed Central Ltd (Print ISSN 1465-6906; Online ISSN 1465-6914) Plants have a problem in dealing with cations. The potassium ion is the preferred inorganic cation of living cells, and plants are no exception to this rule; yet almost invariably the concentration of K + in the soil solution is lower than the cytosolic K + concentration (100-200 mM), meaning that plants must actively take up and concentrate K + using various types of ion transporter [1]. Because Na + is similar to K + , and many K + transporters do not discriminate sufficiently between these cations, excess external Na + can not only impair K + acquisition but also lead to accumulation of Na + in plant cells, and as Na + is toxic to cells, this is undesirable.In terms of their ability to tolerate saline (mainly NaCl) environments, plant species are categorized into two broadly defined groups. Glycophytes are salt-sensitive plants, including most cultivated species, that do not tolerate long exposure to even mild salinity. To avert Na + toxicity most glycophytes rely on restricting Na + intake, but because the cell's interior is electronegative relative to the extracellular space, and because cation transporters in cell membranes are somewhat permeable to Na + , there is constant influx of Na + down this electrochemical gradient that cannot be completely prevented [2,3]. Moreover, the outcome of long-term inhibition of K + acquisition by competing Na + is chronic K + deficiency. Salttolerant plants, or halophytes (for example, the common ice plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), in contrast, implement the alternative strategy to cope with excess ions in the soil solution [3,4]. By coupling the uptake of ions by their roots with the compartmentation of ions into cellular vacuoles, halophytes effectively manage to convert potentially toxic ions into usable osmolytes, thereby accomplishing the greatest survival trick -turning a foe into a friend.Most agriculturally important plants are glycophytes, so soil salinity represents a significant factor hindering crop yield in large areas of the world. Although the capacity for selective ion uptake and efficient vacuolar compartmentation have long been regarded as the basis for tolerance of salinity, and so have become desirable traits in crops, a lack of understanding about the molecular entities mediating Na + transport and how Na + acquisition is coordinated has impaired progress in obtaining salt-tolerant crops. Here, we summarize recent genetic and comparative studies in various plant species that have she...
The density and the speed of sound at (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K and the isobaric molar heat capacity at (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K of binary mixtures of diethyl carbonate with n-dodecane or n-tetradecane were measured at atmospheric pressure, over the entire composition range. These results are used to calculate molar volumes, isentropic and isothermal compressibilities, isobaric thermal expansivities, and isobaric and isochoric molar heat capacities as well as the corresponding excess quantities. Positive values and a parabolic composition dependence were found for all excess quantities except for the excess molar heat capacities, which take negative values and are W-shaped. Excess molar volumes increase with both alkyl chain length of the n-alkane and temperature. Excess isobaric molar heat capacities decrease as the size of the n-alkane increases and exhibit different temperature dependences with mole fraction. All other properties, with the exception of the excess isochoric molar heat capacity, show similar behavior for both mixtures.
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