PP1 holoenzymes are composed of a small number of catalytic subunits and an array of regulatory, targeting, subunits. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome encodes two highly related catalytic subunits, Dis2 and Sds21. The gene for either protein can be individually deleted, however, simultaneous deletion of both is lethal. We fused enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) coding sequences to the 5′ end of the endogenous sds21+ and dis2+ genes. Dis2.NEGFP accumulated in nuclei, associated with centromeres, foci at cell tips and endocytic vesicles. This actin-dependent endocytosis occurred between nuclei and growing tips and was polarised towards growing tips. When dis2+ was present, Sds21.NEGFP was predominantly a nuclear protein, greatly enriched in the nucleolus. When dis2+ was deleted, Sds21.NEGFP levels increased and Sds21.NEGFP was then clearly detected at centromeres, endocytic vesicles and cell tips. Dis2.NEGFP was recruited to cell tips by the formin binding, stress pathway scaffold Wsh3 (also known as Tea4). Wsh3/Tea4 modulates polarised tip growth in unperturbed cell cycles and governs polarised growth following osmotic stress. Mutating the PP1 recruiting RVXF motif in Wsh3/Tea4 blocked PP1 binding, altered cell cycle regulated growth to induce branching, induced branching from existing tips in response to stress, and blocked the induction of actin filaments that would otherwise arise from Wsh3/Tea4 overproduction.
Multiple-antibiotic-resistant strains of Serratia marcescens isolated from hospitalized patients were examined for their ability to transfer antibiotic resistance to Escherichia coli by conjugation. Two different patterns of linked transferable resistance were found among the transconjugants. The first comprised resistance to carbenicillin, streptomycin, and fosfomycin; the second, and more common, pattern included resistance to carbenicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfonamide, and fosfomycin. The two types of transconjugant strains carried a single plasmid of either 57 or 97 megadaltons in size. Both of these plasmids are present in parental S. marcescens strains resistant to fosfomycin. The 57-megadalton plasmid was transformed into E. coli.
BackgroundAgitation and containment are frequent in psychiatric care but little is known about their costs. The aim was to evaluate the use of services and costs related to agitation and containment of adult patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital or emergency service.MethodsSystematic searches of four electronic databases covering the period January 1998-January 2014 were conducted. Manual searches were also performed. Paper selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate. Cost data were converted to euros in 2014.ResultsTen studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis (retrospective cohorts, prospective cohorts and cost-of-illness studies). Evaluated in these studies were length of stay, readmission rates and medication. Eight studies assessed the impact of agitation on the length of stay and six showed that it was associated with longer stays. Four studies examined the impact of agitation on readmission and a statistically significant increase in the probability of readmission of agitated patients was observed. Two studies evaluated medication. One study showed that the mean medication dose was higher in agitated patients and the other found higher costs of treatment compared with non-agitated patients in the unadjusted analysis. One study estimated the costs of conflict and containment incurred in acute inpatient psychiatric care in the UK. The estimation for the year 2014 of total annual cost per ward for all conflict was €182,616 and €267,069 for containment based on updated costs from 2005.ConclusionsAgitation has an effect on healthcare use and costs in terms of longer length of stay, more readmissions and higher drug use. Evidence is scarce and further research is needed to estimate the burden of agitation and containment from the perspective of hospitals and the healthcare system.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0417-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
A revised physical map of the alpha-haemolysin plasmid pHly152 has been constructed. The known position of the hly genes in the restriction map of pHly152 allowed us to locate in it a direct repeat of IS elements flanking the hly genes of pHly152. These elements are IS92L, which is a derivative of the previously characterised element IS91 (1.85 kb) by insertion of a sequence of 1.2 kb, and IS92R, an element related to IS91 by a deletion of 0.7 kb and substitution of a 0.2 kb sequence of IS91 by a 1.2 kb heterologous sequence. IS92L is, in turn, flanked by an inverted repetition of sequences of 1.4 kb. These and previously published data strongly suggest that the hly genes spread at some time in evolution by means of the recombinational activity of IS91-like elements.
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