Valproic acid (VPA) is used in the treatment of epilepsy and behavioral disorders. However, the exposure to VPA during pregnancy increases the risk of having offspring with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Reports indicate that men are more likely to suffer ASD than women who were exposed to VPA prenatally. Few studies have related the sex differences and behavioral changes in the ASD rat model. Our aim was to determinate whether male and female Wistar rats whose mothers were exposed to either VPA (600 mg/kg; animal model for ASD) or saline (0.9%) i.p. at 12.5 day of gestation, have different effects on immobility induce by clamping (IC), dorsal immobility (DI), catalepsy, locomotor activity, stereotypes, and analgesia (tail flick). For this purpose, we made four groups (n = 8). Group: A) saline male rats, B) saline female rats, C) VPA male rats and D) VPA female rats. At 35 (prepubertal age), 56 (postpubertal age) and 180 days, we tested the behaviors previously mentioned. Finding that VPA has the same effect on IC, catalepsy, and analgesia in male and female rats, the time of these tests was increased. However, VPA only has an effect on DI in males but not in female rats. On the contrary, there is hyperactivity and an increase of stereotypes in female but not in male rats. Thereby, VPA has an effect on the three immobility responses tested (IC, DI and catalepsy), locomotor activity and analgesia but in a differential way on DI, stereotypes and locomotor activity between male and female rats.
IntroductionThe effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in severe disability or death [1,2] and have an important social and economic impact [1]. The annual direct and indirect costs of TBI amount to roughly 2.5 billion euros [1,3]. MRI performed within the first 8 days after head injury was found to be a reliable predictor of death and moderate/severe disability for patients in coma and on ventilation following TBI, depending on the location of the lesion [4]. Apart from imaging signs, other easy-to-assess early predictors of outcome are lacking. As such, there is an on-going effort to identify biological markers that are closely related to clinical symptoms in order to better predict the outcome after TBI.The recent adoption of high throughput technologies and a change in focus from the identification of single to multiple markers has fostered new optimism in this direction [5][6][7]. Different markers have been studied, particularly bivalent cations such as magnesium (Mg 2+ ) and calcium (Ca 2+ ) [5][6][7]. Of these, calcium seems to play a more important role in TBI [5,8]. A study performed in 2010 compared statins (cholesterol-lowering drugs) as inductors of an anti-inflammatory effect, promoting recovery after moderate/severe TBI. The results showed that patients with a lower serum calcium level on day 3 died earlier than those patients who had a normal serum calcium level on day 3 after TBI. This led to the development of an ambispective study including a total of 122 Mexican patients suffering from moderate/ severe TBI, which showed that hypocalcaemia on day 3 seemed to be a reliable predictor of mortality after TBI, reaching significant levels (P=0.026) [6]. However, morbidity was not assessed. Our objective was to evaluate whether hypocalcaemia of serum ionized calcium (defined as <1.10 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL) is a prognostic factor for mortality and morbidity (defined as GOS ≤ 3) in early moderate and severe TBI. AbstractIntroduction: The effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in severe disability or death and have an important social and economic impact. Its annual direct and indirect costs amount to roughly 2.5 billion euros. Our objective was to evaluate whether hypocalcaemia of serum ionized calcium (defined as <1.10 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL) is a prognostic factor for mortality and morbidity (defined as GOS ≤ 3) in early moderate and severe TBI.
Four immobility responses (IR): elicited by clamping, bandaging, grasping and inversion, and their modification by potassium and spironolactone was studied in old Wistar rats (body weight, 500 g). When undrugged, only clamping and grasping, but not bandaging and inversion induced an IR in rats. Potassium and spironolactone significantly enhanced the duration of IR induced by clamping but not by grasping. They also induced an immobility response by bandaging, but not by inversion. The data suggest that IR induced by clamping and bandaging are somehow related to changes in the potassium serum levels. Consequently, such a relationship may be a suitable model to study some forms of paralysis in human beings which are related to changes in the potassium serum levels.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem, which significantly affects older adults. Objective and methods: The prevalence and biopsychosocial conditions of DM in older adults in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico, are analyzed using the Health and Aging Survey 2014 (SABE-Hidalgo, Mexico). Results: DM in older adults presents a prevalence of 28.22% in the State, predominating in women and becoming more common with increasing age. The highest frequency occurs in residents of urban areas (57.2%), those with less schooling (79.6%), and those who live with relatives (77%). In addition, 54.7% of older adults with DM had cognitive impairment, 67.9% had arterial hypertension and 45.28% presented joint disease. 41.2% suffered falls, 68.52% visual problems and 87.3% tooth loss. Finally, 85.8% receive care but only 29.2% perceive improvement in their health. Conclusions: It is fundamental to develop integral programs and policies to care for older adults with DM.
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