Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults is complicated by the fact that neither symptom report nor neuropsychological findings are specific to the diagnosis. Few studies have addressed the possibility that noncredible performance influences the effectiveness of neuropsychological test findings in ADHD assessment. The present study utilized archival data on Conner's Continuous Performance Test (CPT) scores from young adults referred for concerns about ADHD at two different universities, who were divided into three groups: (1) those who failed a measure of noncredible performance (the Word Memory Test; WMT), (2) those who met diagnostic criteria for ADHD, and (3) controls with psychological symptoms who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. More individuals who failed the WMT were also clinically impaired on the CPT than individuals diagnosed with ADHD and individuals with psychological symptoms, who could not be distinguished from each other. Results demonstrate the importance of assessing for noncredible performance before interpreting neuropsychological test scores in ADHD assessment. Results also emphasize the importance of considering other disorders that can impact CPT performance prior to interpreting CPT impairment as indicative of ADHD.
Abstract--In this paper struvite formation and crystal forms in anaerobic digesters under differing feed types and support media have been studied. Struvite appears when the medium contains magnesium, ammonium and phosphate ions. NH + can be supplied from protein degradation, phosphate from bacterial exudation and Mg 2+ by the supports. The precipitation of struvite has also been checked with real feeding solid wastes plus domestic sewage.
Protein complexes of smectites in soils are difficult to detect if the usual smectite tests show no peculiarities. Andalusian black earths are typical examples. Investigation of the alkylammonium derivatives, however, allows detection of adhered macromolecules which might be protein-like although this cannot be proved cxactly. Investigation of artificial clay-protein complexes reveals different types of clay protein interactions. Calcium smectites adsorb proteins mainly on the external surfaces, the macromolecules being anchored in the interlayer spaces. Sodium smectites give partial crystalline products in which the silicate layers are distributed in the protein matrix. Exchange of alkylammonium ions can be used as a tool for detection of the protein. If this is adsorbed on external surfaces (calcium smectites) the increased layer separation during the cation exchange enables the macromolecules to slip between the layers and the basal spacing of the alkylammonium derivatives are changed in characteristic ways. The partial crystalline sodium clay-protein complexes are reorganized by alkylammonium ions to regular structures. The proteins are not displaced completely from the silicate surfaces so that the basal spacing of the alkylammonium derivatives are enhanced in comparison with pure montmorillonite.
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