The objective of this study was to analyse the differences in shape of the cephalothorax in four fishery stocks of sea-bob shrimpXiphopenaeus kroyerithat are distributed on the east coast of Brazil, applying geometric morphometry as the analytical tool. Samples were collected at the fishing ports of Caravelas (17°43′S 39°15′W), Vitória (20°15′S 40°14′W), Atafona (21°35′S 41°01′W) and Farol de São Tomé (22°02′S 41°02′W), and variations in shape of the cephalothorax of the shrimps were evaluated by univariate and multivariate techniques. Analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test indicated that shrimps collected at the port of Farol de São Tomé were significantly smaller than the others, and size of individuals was inversely related to latitude. Discriminant analysis revealed the formation of two morphologically different groups between the areas of collection. Individuals collected in Caravelas, Vitória and Atafona, suffering permanent influence of freshwater discharge, associated with sandy–muddy substrate, constituted a different group compared to individuals collected in Farol de São Tomé, area without this kind of influence and with sandy substrate, where the average water temperature is lower and salinity is higher. Considering the commercial importance of the target species, the technique could be applied to its fisheries management. It allows the recognition of stocks and inference about the processes of fishing area occupation.

Resource partitioning is important for species coexistence. Species with similar ecomorphology are potential competitors, especially when phylogenetically close, due to niche conservatism. The aim of this study was to investigate the resource partitioning among populations of two species of lebiasinids (Copella nigrofasciata and Pyrrhulina aff. brevis) that co-occur in a first-order Amazonian stream, analyzing the trophic ecology, feeding strategies and ecomorphological attributes related to the use of food and space by these species. Fish were captured in May and September 2010. The stomach contents of 60 individuals were analyzed and quantified volumetrically to characterize the feeding ecology of both species. Eleven morphological attributes were measured in 20 specimens and combined in nine ecomorphological indices. Both species had an omnivorous-invertivorous diet and consumed predominantly allochthonous items. Both showed a tendency to a generalist diet, but intrapopulational variation in resource use was also detected. Overall feeding niche overlap was high, but differed between seasons: low during the rainy season and high in the dry season. In the latter, the food niche overlap was asymmetric because C. nigrofasciata consumed several prey of P. aff. brevis, which reduced its food spectrum. The ecomorphological analysis suggests that C. nigrofasciata has greater swimming capacity (greater relative length of caudal peduncle) than P. aff. brevis, which has greater maneuverability and tendency to inhabit lentic environments (greater relative depth of the body). Our results demonstrate that these species have similar trophic ecology and suggest a spatial segregation, given by morphological differences related to locomotion and occupation of habitat, favoring their coexistence. KEYWORDS: Feeding, coexistence, spatial segregation, Copella nigrofasciata, Pyrrhulina aff. brevis. Partilha de recursos e variação ecomorfológica em duas espécies sintópicas de Lebiasinidae (Characiformes) em um igarapé amazônico RESUMOA partilha de recursos é importante para a coexistência das espécies. Aquelas com ecomorfologia similar tem alto potencial competitivo, especialmente quando próximas filogeneticamente, devido ao conservantismo do nicho. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a partilha de recursos entre populações de duas espécies de lebiasinídeos (Copella nigrofasciata e Pyrrhulina aff. brevis) que coocorrem em um igarapé amazônico de primeira ordem, analisando a ecologia trófica, estratégias alimentares e atributos ecomorfológicos relacionados ao uso de recursos alimentares e espaciais. Os peixes foram capturados em maio e setembro/2010. O conteúdo estomacal de 60 indivíduos foi analisado e os itens quantificados volumetricamente para caracterizar a ecologia trófica das espécies. Foram medidos 11 atributos morfológicos, combinados em nove índices ecomorfológicos. As espécies apresentaram dieta onívora-invertívora com predomínio de itens alóctones, tendência ao generalismo e variação intrapopulacional no uso de...

We explored patterns of phenotypic variation in Hemigrammus coeruleus from the Unini River basin, a blackwater river in the Brazilian Amazon. Geometric morphometrics was used to evaluate variation in body shape among populations from four tributaries (UN2-UN5). We found no evidence for sexual dimorphism in body size and shape. However, morphological differences among populations were detected as the analyses recovered significant groups corresponding to each sub-basin, with some overlap among them. The populations from UN2, UN3 and UN5 had more elongate bodies than fish from UN4. The most morphologically divergent population belonged to UN4, the tributary with the most divergent environmental conditions and the only one with seasonally-muddy waters. The morphological variation found among these populations is likely due to phenotypic plasticity or local adaptation, arising as a product of divergent ecological selection pressures among sub-basins. This work constitutes one of the first to employ a population-level geometric morphometric approach to assess phenotypic variation in Amazonian fishes. This method was able to distinguish subtle differences in body morphology, and its use with additional species can bring novel perspectives on the evaluation of general patterns of phenotypic differentiation in the Amazon.Keywords: Geometric morphometrics, Morphology, Ornamental fish, Phenotypic plasticity, Populations.Neste estudo foram explorados os padrões de variação fenotípica em Hemigrammus coeruleus da bacia do rio Unini, um rio de água preta na Amazônia brasileira. Métodos de morfometria geométrica foram aplicados para avaliar as variações na forma do corpo entre populações provenientes de quatro tributários (UN2-UN5). Os resultados mostraram ausência de dimorfismo sexual relacionado ao tamanho e formato do corpo. Entretanto, diferenças morfológicas entre populações foram detectadas, uma vez que as análises apontaram agrupamentos correspondendo a cada sub-bacia, com certo grau de sobreposição entre populações. As populações dos rios Preto, Arara e Pauini (UN2, UN3 e UN5) apresentaram formato de corpo mais alongado do que a amostra do igarapé Solimõezinho (UN4). A população mais divergente morfologicamente pertenceu ao igarapé Solimõezinho (UN4), o tributário que apresentou a condição ambiental mais divergente e o único com águas sazonalmente barrentas. A variação morfológica encontrada nessas populações de H. coeruleus é provavelmente devido a plasticidade fenotípica ou adaptação local por seleção induzida por diferentes pressões seletivas entre as sub-bacias. Este estudo constitui a primeira contribuição científica usando métodos de morfometria geométrica para avaliar a variação fenotípica entre populações em peixes amazônicos. Esse método foi capaz de distinguir diferenças sutis na morfologia e sua replicação em outras espécies amazônicas pode trazer novas perspectivas na avaliação de padrões gerais de diferenciação fenotípica na região.

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Demographic changes during the late Pleistocene-Holocene left signatures in the DNA of contemporary populations. These signatures reveal demographic phenomena like the increase or decrease in effective population size. In this paper we searched for signatures of demographic change in the DNA of the Neotropical freshwater fish Poecilia vivipara. Also, we investigated whether demographic changes are correlated with palaeoclimatic events of the late Pleistocene-Holocene, in particular, if changes in effective population size are correlated with expansion and contraction of available habitats, induced by global ice-volume changes and sea-level fluctuations. We used Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) analysis with sequences from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b to estimate the ancestral demography of the Neotropical freshwater fish P. vivipara. To test the assumptions of neutrality and absence of population structure we used Tajima's D and Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA), respectively. Effective population size of P. vivipara remained stable until 75,000 years ago, increased by 10-fold reaching a maximum at approximately 25,000 years ago, then suddenly declined at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary. Variation in effective population size in P. vivipara correlates with expansion and contraction of habitats induced by sea-level fluctuations, caused by the advance and retreat of ice sheets during the Last

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