The authors developed and validated a score for the prediction of postoperative respiratory complications, a simple, 11-point score that can be used preoperatively by anesthesiologists to predict severe postoperative respiratory complications.

Many biological processes are regulated by gradients of bioactive chemicals. Thus, the generation of materials with embedded chemical gradients may be beneficial for understanding biological phenomena and generating tissue-mimetic constructs. Here we describe a simple and versatile method to rapidly generate materials containing centimeter-long gradients of chemical properties in a microfluidic channel. The formation of chemical gradient was initiated by a passive-pump-induced forward flow and further developed during an evaporation-induced backward flow. The gradient was spatially controlled by the backward flow time and the hydrogel material containing the gradient was synthesized via photopolymerization. Gradients of a cell-adhesion ligand, Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript (RGDS), was incorporated in the poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogels to test the response of endothelial cells. The cells attached and spread along the hydrogel material in a manner consistent with the RGDS gradient profile. A hydrogel containing PEG-DA concentration gradient and constant RGDS concentration was also generated. The morphology of cells cultured on such hydrogel changed from round in the lower PEG-DA concentration regions to well-spread in the higher PEG-DA concentration regions. This approach is expected to be a valuable tool to investigate the cell-material interactions in a simple and high-throughput manner and to design graded biomimetic materials for tissue engineering applications.