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A B S T R A C TPhytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds having similar effects to estrogens. Several phytostrogen groups have been identified being the most characteristics the isoflavones like genistein, coumestans like coumestrol, and lignans represented by the enterolactone. Depending on the doses, they can act as agonists or antagonists of steroidal hormones. This apparently bimodal function is due to their capacity to interact with the alpha form of the estrogen receptor (ERα) in several organs of the female reproductive tract and to the beta form ERβ present in prostate, testis, ovaries, limph nodes and brain regions. It has been observed that an increase in genistein or coumestrol induces an increase in haemorrhagic follicles, miscarriages, LH-FSH surge suppression and even estrogenic syndrome, whereas in males, induces alterations in testis development and a decrease in sperm count. In this review, a panoramic view of the actual research of phytostrogen impact on the reproductive function and perspectives mainly for domestic animals is presented. R E S U M E NLos fitoestrógenos son substancias de origen vegetal con propiedades similares a los estrógenos. Se han identificado diferentes grupos de fitoestrógenos entre los que destacan las isoflavonas como la genisteina, los coumestanos como el coumestrol, y los lignanos representados por la enterolactona. Estos compuestos actúan como agonistas o como antagonistas de las hormonas esteroidales dependiendo de la dosis que se utilice. Esta acción aparentemente contradictoria se debe a su capacidad para unirse como ligandos a los receptores estrogénicos alfa (ERα) del útero, glán-dula mamaria, sistema cardiovascular y hueso, y con mayor afinidad a los receptores estrogénicos beta (ERβ) presentes en próstata, ovarios, testículos, tracto urinario, tejido linfoide y algunas regiones del cerebro como el hipotálamo. Se ha observado que a medida que se incrementa la dosis de genisteína y coumestrol, se inducen folículos hemorrágicos, abortos, síndrome estrogénico, y supresión de picos de hormona luteinizante (LH) en las hembras, mientras que en los machos se altera el desarrollo testicular y disminuye el recuento de espermatozoides. En esta revisión se presenta un panorama del estado actual de las investigaciones respecto a las implicaciones de los fitoestrógenos sobre la reproducción y sus perspectivas de estudio, poniendo énfasis en su importancia en los animales domésticos.

Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de un programa de control de la teniasis-cisticercosis por Taenia solium con fines de erradicación, basado en educación de la comunidad y vacunación de cerdos. Material y métodos. Se estimó la prevalencia de cisticercosis porcina por medio de la palpación de lengua, ultrasonido y presencia de anticuerpos en suero, antes de iniciar el programa y tres años después, en tres regiones del estado de Guerrero. Resultados. Se observó una reducción significativa en la prevalencia de cisticercosis porcina de 7 a 0.5% y de 3.6 a 0.3%, estimadas por examen de lengua y ultrasonido, respectivamente (p menor que 0.01), y una disminución no significativa de la seroprevalencia de 17.7 a 13.3%. Conclusiones. La reducción de la prevalencia de teniasis-cisticercosis comprueba la efectividad del programa para prevenir la infección. La presencia sostenida de anticuerpos es compatible con continuos contactos con Taenia solium u otros helmintos relacionados, y señala la necesidad de mantener las intervenciones para lograr su erradicación.

84salud ResumenObjetivo. Determinar la frecuencia de portadores de Taenia sp. y su relación con el diagnóstico de cisticercos en humanos en una comunidad rural del estado de Guerrero, México. Material y métodos. Para detectar portadores de Taenia sp. se analizaron 403 muestras de heces de personas, por medio de ELISA para coproantígenos de Taenia sp., así como 92 muestras de suero para detectar anticuerpos anticisticerco mediante inmunoelectrotransferencia. El diseño del estudio fue transversal y se llevó a cabo durante 1998. Se hizo estadística descriptiva y se estimó razón de momios. Resultados. De 403 muestras de heces evaluadas, cinco resultaron positivas (1.2 %). Sólo en dos de las cinco personas positivas se obtuvo el cestodo adulto. En 3 (3.26%) de los 92 sueros se encontraron anticuerpos anticisticerco. Del total de sueros, 17 fueron de las personas con diagnóstico positivo a teniosis por coproantígenos o que cohabitaban con ellos (primer grupo), los restantes 75 provenían de personas en quienes no se detectaron casos en las viviendas (segundo grupo). En el primer grupo se detectaron 2 (11.8%) sueros positivos, mientras que en el segundo sólo 1 (1.3%) (RM= 9.87, I.C 0.64-295.56, p= 0.086). Conclusiones. La dificultad para obtener el parásito adul- AbstractObjective. To assess the frequency of Taenia solium carriers and its relationship with human cysticercosis in a Mexican locality. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1998, in a locality of Guerrero State, Mexico. Four hundred and three fecal samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect Taenia sp coproantigen. Ninety two serum samples were also analyzed for antibodies against cisticerci using the immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (IET). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and odds ratios. Results. Five of the 403 fecal samples were positive (1.2%). The adult cestode was recovered in only two people. Three (3.26%) out of the 92 serum samples that were analyzed for anticysticercus antibodies were positive. Seventeen serum samples corresponded to people living with a person positive to the coproantigen test (first group), the remaining 75 were obtained from people without a history of releasing taenia proglottids (second group). In the first group, 2 positive sera were detected (11.8%), while in the second only 1 was positive (1.3%) (odds ratio= 9.87, 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 295.56, p= 0.08). Conclusions. The difficulty to obtain the adult parasite in persons positive to coproantigens, may

Abstract. We evaluated the genetic variation of Echinococcus G7 strain in larval and adult stages using a fragment of the mitochondrial cox1 gen. Viscera of pigs, bovines, and sheep and fecal samples of dogs were inspected for cystic and canine echinococcosis, respectively; only pigs had hydatid cysts. Bayesian inferences grouped the sequences in an E. canadensis G7 cluster, suggesting that, in Mexico, this strain might be mainly present. Additionally, the population genetic and network analysis showed that E. canadensis in Mexico is very diverse and has probably been introduced several times from different sources. Finally, a scarce genetic differentiation between G6 (camel strain) and G7 (pig strain) populations was identified.Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) includes species that cause cystic echinococcosis (CE), one of the most important and widespread parasitic zoonoses. Recent phylogenetic studies based on both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA genes show that E. granulosus s.l. consists of at least four valid species: E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.; genotypes G1-G3), E. equinus (G4), E. ortleppi (G5), and E. canadensis (G6-G10). Genotypes G6/G7 are closely related and referred to as camel and pig strains, respectively.

Taeniasis-cysticercosis, a zoonosis caused by Taenia solium, is prevalent in underdeveloped countries, where marginalization promotes its continued transmission. Pig cysticercosis, an essential stage for transmission, is preventable by vaccination. An efficient multiepitope vaccine against pig cysticercosis, S3Pvac, was developed. Previous studies showed that antibodies against one of the S3Pvac components, GK-1, are capable of damaging T. solium cysticerci, inhibiting their ability to transform into the adult stage in golden hamster gut. This study is aimed to evaluate one of the mechanisms that could mediate anti-GK-1 antibody-dependent protection. To this end, pig anti-GK-1 antibodies were produced and purified by using protein A. Proteomic analysis showed that the induced antibodies recognized the respective native cysticercal protein KE7 (Bobes et al. Infect Immun 85:e00395-17, 2017) and two additional T. solium proteins (endophilin B1 and Gp50). A new procedure to evaluate cysticercus viability, based on quantifying the cytochrome c released after parasite damage, was developed. Taenia crassiceps cysticerci were cultured in the presence of differing amounts of anti-GK-1 antibody and complement in a saturating concentration, along with the respective controls. Cysticercus viability was assessed by recording parasite motility, trypan blue exclusion, and cytochrome c levels in cysticercal soluble extract. Anti-GK-1 antibody significantly increased cysticercus damage as measured by all three methods. Parasite evaluation by electron microscopy after treatment with anti-GK-1 antibody plus complement demonstrated cysticercus damage as shorter, capsule-severed microtrichia; a decrease in glycocalyx length with respect to untreated cysts; and disaggregated desmosomes. These results demonstrate that anti-GK-1 antibodies damage cysticerci through classic complement activation.