The contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to articular pain in arthritis induced by zymosan (1 mg, intra articular) in rats was assessed by measuring articular incapacitation (AI). Systemic treatment with the non‐selective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L‐NAME (10–100 mg kg−1 i.p.) or with the selective iNOS inhibitors aminoguanidine (AG; 10–100 mg kg−1 i.p.) or 1400W (0.5–1 mg kg−1 s.c.) inhibited the AI induced by injection of zymosan 30 min later. Local (intra articular) treatment with the NOS inhibitors (L‐NAME or AG, 0.1–1 μmol; 1400W, 0.01 (μmol) 30 min before zymosan also inhibited the AI. Systemic or local treatment with the NOS inhibibitors (L‐NAME; AG, 100 mg kg−1 i.p. or 0.1 μmol joint−1; 1400W, 1 mg kg−1 s.c. or 0.01 μmol joint−1), 2 h after zymosan did not affect the subsequent AI. Local treatment with the NO donors SNP or SIN‐1, 2 h after zymosan did inhibit AI. L‐NAME and AG, given i.p. inhibited nitrite but not prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in the joints. L‐NAME (100 mg kg−1) but not AG (100 mg kg−1) increased mean arterial blood pressure. Neither L‐NAME, AG nor the NO donor SIN‐1 altered articular oedema induced by zymosan. In conclusion, inhibitors of iNOS decrease pain in zymosan arthritis only when given before the zymosan. This was not due to inhibition of articular PGE2 release or oedema. NO donors also promoted antinociception in zymosan arthritis without affecting oedema. British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 588–596; doi:

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PURPOSE This paper aims to present the results of a series of several Brazilian institutions that have been carrying out lung cancer screening (LCS). MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective, cohort study, with follow-up of individuals of both sexes, with a heavy smoking history, who participated in LCS programs between December 2013 and January 2021 in six Brazilian institutions located in the states of São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Bahia. RESULTS Three thousand four hundred seventy individuals were included, of which 59.8% were male (n = 2,074) and 50.6% were current smokers (n = 1,758), with 60.7 years (standard deviation 8.8 years). Lung-RADS 4 was observed in 233 (6.7%) patients. Biopsy was indicated by minimally invasive methods in 122 patients (3.5%). Two patients who demonstrated false-negative biopsies and lung cancer were diagnosed in follow-up. Diagnosis of lung cancer was observed in 74 patients (prevalence rate of 2.1%), with 52 (70.3%) in stage I or II. Granulomatous disease was found in 20 patients. There were no statistical differences in the incidence of lung cancer, biopsies, granulomatous disease, and Lung-RADS 4 nodules between public and private patients. CONCLUSION There are still many challenges and obstacles in the implementation of LCS in developing countries; however, our multi-institutional data were possible to obtain satisfactory results in these scenarios and to achieve similar results to the main international studies. Granulomatous diseases did not increase the number of lung biopsies. The authors hope that it could stimulate the creation of organized screening programs in regions still endemic for tuberculosis and other granulomatous diseases.

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