ResumenPoliembrionía (PEm) es una mutación poco frecuente en maíz (Zea mays L.) y se manifiesta en la formación y desarrollo de dos o más plantas por semilla. Los mecanismos y causas de la PEm no están aún definidos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la similitud de la secuencia de la región ITS de plantas madre y su progenie PEm obtenidas por autofecundación (S 1 ) y polinización libre (PL). La progenie se obtuvo a partir de la población UA-IMM-BAP (braquíticas, alta poliembrionía). Se tomaron muestras de tejido foliar de madres y sus progenies de 3 familias de polinización libre y 3 familias de líneas S 1 . Después de extraer ADN, se amplificaron las regiones genómicas ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) mediante PCR y posteriormente se secuenció los fragmentos amplificados. La comparación de las secuencias ITS dentro de cada familia mostro cierta similitud, pero no fueron idénticas en las familias PL2, PL4, PL5 y S5. Sin embargo, en las familias S3 y S7 la comparación entre la secuencia de la madre y su descendencia (S3m vs S3P22 y S7m vs S7P22) presentó 100 % de similitud. La similitud encontrada entre las secuencias de ITS de plantas madre y descendientes PEm sugieren una probable relación entre la poliembrionía y apomixis.Palabras clave: Zea mays L., diversidad nucleotídica, ITS, líneas S 1 , polinización libre, similitud. AbstractPolyembryony (PEm) is a rare mutation in maize (Zea mays L.) and is manifested in the formation and development of two or more plants per seed. The mechanisms and causes of PEm are not yet defined. The aim of this study was to determine the similarity of the sequence of the ITS region of mother plants and their progeny PEm obtained by self-fertilization (S 1 ) and open-pollinated (PL). The progeny was obtained from the UA-IMM-BAP (brachitic, high polyembryony) population. Leaf tissue samples of mothers and their progenies from 3 open-pollinated families and 3 families from S 1 lines were taken. After extracting DNA, the genomic regions ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) were amplified by PCR and the amplified fragments were subsequently sequenced. Comparisons of ITS sequences within each family showed some similarity but were not identical in PL2, PL4, PL5 and S5 families. However, in S3 and S7 families the comparison between the sequence of mother and its progeny (S3m vs S3P22 and S7M vs S7P22) presented 100% similarity. The similarity found between ITS sequences of mother plants and PEm descendants suggest a probable relationship between polyembryony and apomixis. Keywords IntroducciónLa poliembrionía (PEm) es una variante genética en maíz, que se refiere a la producción de dos o más plántulas por semilla, emergiendo simultáneamente desde el momento de la germinación (Espinoza et al., 1998). La PEm se ha reportado como una mutación natural que aparece esporádicamente en baja frecuencia (Castro, 1979;Pilu, 2000), aunque también se ha reportado como mutación inducida (Morgan y Rappleye, 1951). El maíz poliembriónico presenta características de alto potencial agronómic...
Background and objectives Maize (Zea mays) is a cereal of great commercial importance around the world. It has been reported that maize presents polyembryony (PE), which is described as the appearance of two or more seedlings from a germinated seed. Minerals and fatty acids (FA) play important roles in the growth and development of plants and animals. The objective of this work was to determine the minerals and FA content in embryo and endosperm of 32 maize genotypes kernels with different levels of PE (high [NAP], low [NBP], and nonpolyembryonic [T]). Findings The polyembryonic genotypes showed higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and potassium. In this study, magnesium was only found in the embryo, while in the embryo of NAP genotypes were found the highest content of K (1,834 mg/kg) and P (656 mg/kg). In contrast, the highest amount of Mg (216 mg/kg) was found in the embryo of NBP genotypes. On the other hand, the highest Ca (251 mg/kg) content was found in the endosperm of NAP genotypes. The highest oil content was observed in NBP‐9‐EM genotype grains with 50.2%, while the highest percentage of oleic (29.10%) and linoleic acid (63.21%) was found in kernels of the NAP‐6‐EM genotype. Conclusions The polyembryonic maize has high mineral content, and some of them have been associated with the human diet; in addition, in these genotypes, high oil content (with the presence of essential FA) was observed. Significance and novelty These results are important because polyembryonic maize kernel may be an alternative for adequate nutrient and essential oils intake. In addition, to the better agronomic characteristics offered by polyembryonic maize genotypes, which may imply a greater income for maize producers.
A seasonal survey of D. pseudoobscura was made in a northern population at Saltillo to establish variation in the third chromosome gene arrangement frequencies. Changes during the collecting period were compared with those of nearby populations. The unique predominance of PP, TL, and OL inversions in this population and the occurrence of other rare chromosomes, including their geographic pattern, are discussed. The discovery of a new inversion, Los Lirios (LL), is announced. Recently the study of inversion polymorphism in populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura that inhabit Mexico has been undertaken by Guzman et al. (1975) and Olvera et al. (MS). Their studies have involved only the central and southern areas of distribution in Mexico. Here we contribute to the information being gathered with a study of a northern population. Dobzhansky (1948) obtained samples in most of the northern states of Mexico except Coahuila, and gave inversion frequencies for the D. pseudoobscura third chromosome gene arrangements. In his 1944 monograph, Dobzhansky presented frequencies for Saltillo and San Josecito, but he showed (Dobzhansky 1948
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