In this study, the sensitivity of 218 isolates of Colletotrichum musae to imazalil and thiabendazole was evaluated, as well the fitness and competitive ability of less sensitive isolates. There was a positive correlation between the sensitivity to the two fungicides, but the isolates were more sensitive to imazalil. The estimated effective concentration of the fungicide able to inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (EC50) was used to select four isolates with the lowest and the highest values for both fungicides, which were considered as sensitive (S) and less sensitive (LS), respectively. The level of sensitivity was maintained after 10 successive transfers on fungicide‐free medium. Both fungicides were effective in controlling the disease caused by S isolates of C. musae in detached banana fruit when recommended doses were used. However, only imazalil was able to control the disease caused by LS isolates. For both fungicides, analysis of fitness‐related variables (mycelial growth, sporulation, germination, and virulence) showed no difference between the groups of S and LS isolates, but a large variation was observed within the group. The LS isolates to thiabendazole that showed a mutation (F200Y) in the β‐tubulin gene did not have fitness penalties. Our results allow a better understanding of the sensitivity and fitness of isolates of C. musae from Brazil, and demonstrate the importance of periodic monitoring to determine the frequency of LS isolates in populations, aiming at more effective management of anthracnose in banana orchards in Brazil.
Seeds associated to fungal pathogens are efficient vehicles for disease dissemination in the field. Such pathogens affect the seed quality and longevity, causing a decrease or loss of germination, discoloration, necrosis, and decay, in addition to leading to the production of mycotoxins in some pathosystems. To control them several synthetic chemicals are used. Nevertheless, the use of synthetic chemicals poses a risk to human health and the environment. Therefore, there is a growing demand for the use of alternative methods for the treatment of seeds, such as plant extracts. This review evaluated the use and efficacy of plant extracts for the control of fungal pathogens associated to seeds. Some control methods are used in seed treatment, plant extracts stand out due to the secondary metabolic in their constitution, which inhibit pathogen growth. The literature review showed that 100% of the studies reported that plant extracts were efficient to control the different pathogens evaluated, 63% stated an increase in seed germination, 21% reported no change in germination, 5% mentioned negative interference, and 11% did not evaluate the use of plant extracts. The aqueous extracts were used as extractors in 72% of the studies. Plant extracts were reported as promising to replace synthetic fungicides in 33% of the studies; however, 67% did not compare their use. Nevertheless, efficient extraction methods are required, considering low persistence and volatilization of plant extracts in the field. Plant extracts are efficient to control fungal pathogens.
A adubação orgânica na produção de hortaliças promove a melhoria da qualidade do solo e disponibilidade de nutrientes para as plantas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de urina bovina combinadas com adubações orgânicas à base de esterco bovino e compostagem, no cultivo da rúcula cv. “Agatha”. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco (UFAPE), em condições de campo. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis doses de urina bovina (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 mL) e aplicações de adubação orgânica à base de esterco bovino curtido e compostagem. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com quatro repetições totalizando 48 parcelas experimentais. Foram avaliadas a altura das plantas, o número de folhas, massas frescas e seca da parte aérea e a relação raiz parte aérea. As adubações orgânicas foram benéficas para todas as variáveis estudadas. Verificou-se que o aumento das doses de urina bovina utilizando a compostagem proporcionou incremento na produção da massa seca da parte aérea e no número de folhas. Por outro lado, o efeito isolado da urina bovina demostrou redução na relação raiz parte aérea e aumento da massa fresca e altura de planta.
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