We present the second update to a data set of gridded land‐based temperature and precipitation extremes indices: HadEX3. This consists of 17 temperature and 12 precipitation indices derived from daily, in situ observations and recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). These indices have been calculated at around 7,000 locations for temperature and 17,000 for precipitation. The annual (and monthly) indices have been interpolated on a 1.875°×1.25° longitude‐latitude grid, covering 1901–2018. We show changes in these indices by examining ”global”‐average time series in comparison with previous observational data sets and also estimating the uncertainty resulting from the nonuniform distribution of meteorological stations. Both the short and long time scale behavior of HadEX3 agrees well with existing products. Changes in the temperature indices are widespread and consistent with global‐scale warming. The extremes related to daily minimum temperatures are changing faster than the maximum. Spatial changes in the linear trends of precipitation indices over 1950–2018 are less spatially coherent than those for temperature indices. Globally, there are more heavy precipitation events that are also more intense and contribute a greater fraction to the total. Some of the indices use a reference period for calculating exceedance thresholds. We present a comparison between using 1961–1990 and 1981–2010. The differences between the time series of the temperature indices observed over longer time scales are shown to be the result of the interaction of the reference period with a warming climate. The gridded netCDF files and, where possible, underlying station indices are available from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3 and http://www.climdex.org.

The Andes is the most biodiverse region across the globe. In addition, some of the largest urban areas in South America are located within this region. Therefore, ecosystems and human population are affected by hydroclimate changes reported at global, regional and local scales. This paper summarizes progress of knowledge about long-term trends observed during the last two millennia over the entire Andes, with more detail for the period since the second half of the 20th century, and presents a synthesis of climate change projections by the end of the 21st century. In particular, this paper focuses on temperature, precipitation and surface runoff in the Andes. Changes in the Andean cryosphere are not included here since this particular topic is discussed in other paper in this Frontiers special issue, and elsewhere (e.g. IPCC, 2019b). While previous works have reviewed the hydroclimate of South America and particular sectors (i.e., Amazon and La Plata basins, the Altiplano, Northern South America, etc.) this review includes for the first time the entire Andes region, considering all latitudinal ranges: tropical (North of 27 • S), subtropical (27 • S−37 • S) and extratropical (South of 37 • S). This paper provides a comprehensive view of past and recent changes, as well as available climate change projections, over the entire Andean range. From this review, the main knowledge gaps are highlighted and urgent research necessities in order to provide more mechanistic understanding of hydroclimate changes in the Andes and more confident projections of its possible changes in association with global climate change. Keywords: hydroclimate of the Andes, global change in the Andes, hydroclimate trends in the Andes, hydroclimate projections of the Andes, climate change in the Andes, climate change scenarios for the Andes

Adaptation to changing and new environmental conditions is of fundamental importance to sustainability and requires concerted efforts amongst science, policy, and practice to produce solutionoriented knowledge. Joint knowledge production or coproduction of knowledge have become increasingly popular terms to describe the process of scientists, policy makers and actors from the civil society coming together to cooperate in the production, dissemination, and application of knowledge to solve wicked problems such as climate change. Networks are particularly suited to produce knowledge in a joint fashion. However, the process of joint knowledge production (JKP) in networks has rarely been examined. In this paper, we present a sketch of the adaptation network landscape and assess how joint knowledge production supports the development of solutionoriented knowledge in climate change adaptation networks. We conclude that the processes of JKP are diverse, complex, and highly dependent on the interests and roles of actors within the network. To keep such processes alive, signposts in form of analysis and intermediary products along the network lifetime should be positioned as means of stocktaking and monitoring for the future.

En la región, bajo condiciones de El Niño, se registran volúmenes deprecipitación (VP) subnormales; y con La Niña, hay lluvias superiores a la normal. Se encontró que el ajonjolí y el plátano aumentan rendimientos si se presentan VP por encima de lo normal (generalmente bajo La Niña) durante el veranillo y en las dos estaciones de lluvias. Los VP por encima de lo normal en la estación seca inciden positivamente en los rendimientos de la yuca. El maízincrementa sus rendimientos si en el veranillo se registran VP por encima de lo normal, y los reduce si se registran en la segunda temporada lluviosa. El fríjol disminuye rendimientos si los VP en la 1.ª y 2.ª estación lluviosa están por encima de lo normal, y aumentalos rendimientos si estos lo están en el veranillo. Para el algodón los VP por encima de lo normal en la 2.ª estación lluviosa disminuyen los rendimientos. El sorgo no presentó respuesta notoria a lasanomalías en la precipitación.

Background: Healthy ageing is a complex construct, which involves multiple dimensions. The objective of this study was to design a multidimensional model of healthy ageing and to identify its determinants from national data in Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out from the National Survey of Health and Well-being of the Older Adult, 2010. Sample was 1797 adults aged 65 years or more (sample expanded to 898,152). A multidimensional model was designed based on the domains involved in the concept of healthy ageing from the World Organization Health´s approach, and the environment dimension. For the analysis, two groups were created per bi-stage cluster: healthy ageing and less healthy ageing. The probability of belonging to the healthiest group was analyzed with bivariate and multivariate logit for complex samples.Results: The 53.15% of the sample was classified in the healthy ageing group. Women and the poorest older adults are less likely to be in the healthy ageing group (OR 0.58; CI 95% 0.464 - 0.737; OR 0.44; CI 95% 0.343 - 0.564). Older adults with secondary education or higher, who consider their health as excellent and who are satisfied with their life have a greater probability of being in healthy ageing (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.586 - 4.309; OR 28.49; 95% CI 3.623 - 224.02; OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.165 - 0.341). Conclusions: The model of healthy ageing addresses multidimensional variables which are summarized in three components: the intrinsic capacity, referring to the physical and mental health, the social and political environment, and the interaction of the elderly with the environment. It was found that the poorest older adults and women are less likely to belong to the healthiest group. Healthy aging plans must focus on socioeconomic conditions and gender equity.