This research was motivated by technical-economic challenges imposed by mass metrology, specifically, in matters concerning calibration methods of non-automatic type weighing instruments ( i.e. : digital scales). In order to contextualize the problem detected, in the industry there are different processes of mass measurement that are controlled by digital scales, such as: mass of liquids, chemicals, food, body mass of a person. In these processes, the scale is used in the following four conditions for mass measurement: (i) ascending and descending load, returned to zero; (ii) ascending and descending load, without the need to return to zero; (iii) only with ascending load and (iv) only with descending load. In this context and, maintaining the principles for the calibration of a measurement instrument in which it must be carried out under the same operating conditions as the instrument, metrology laboratories must knowing the metrological reliability ( i.e. : errors and uncertainties) for each situation. This is exactly the main motivation for the development of the research. Thus, the experimental data obtained in a research laboratory under controlled environmental conditions allowed obtaining a minimum expanded uncertainty associated with the mass measurement of 0.0012 kg ( k =2; confidence level: 95%).
The objective of this work is to design a system for generating electricity from the mechanical energy of a natural gas at high pressure. The main motivation for the development of the research is based on the need to detect by the natural gas distribution industry, where it is considered that the use of the mechanical energy of natural gas (flow energy and kinetic energy) can be used for the Electric power generation, through a turbo expander, and thus power the electromechanical components of a substation. In this way, energy consumption costs are reduced, which translates into unquestionable gains in energy efficiency. The methodology applied is based on the use of physical principles such as the conservation of mass and energy in a control volume. Likewise, the guidelines established in the guideline for the expression of measurement uncertainty allowed us to estimate an interval where the real value of the mechanical power generated at the output of the turboexpander is found. Based on experimental data in a natural gas distribution substation, the consolidated results allowed quantifying the average mechanical power at the inlet of a turboexpander (8155 W) and, in the typical situation where the turboexpander reduces its outlet pressure to 50% , an average mechanical power is generated at the output of the turboexpander equal to 4893 W, which translates into an efficiency of 40%. This research work allowed us to conclude that the design of a system for electric power generation is viable based on the thermodynamic and dimensional parameters associated with the natural gas distribution system, as well as the mechanical power that can be generated at the exit of a turboexpander.
Esta investigación fue motivada por desafíos técnicos-económicos impuestos por la metrología de masa, en particular, en temas concernientes a métodos de calibración de los instrumentos no automáticos de pesaje (i.e.: balanzas). En el mundo contemporáneo resulta un factor vital garantizar la confiabilidad de los resultados de medición en un laboratorio de prueba, ensayos e investigación. Estos resultados deben ser reproducidos por instituciones –nacionales e internacionales- considerando las incertidumbres asociadas al proceso. Dos de los factores que afectan fuertemente la confiabilidad metrológica de los procesos de medición de masa son: (i) no frecuencia de calibración de balanzas; (ii) métodos analíticos para el tratamiento de datos experimentales obtenidos en la calibración. En este contexto y, manteniendo los principios para la calibración de un instrumento de medición en el cual ésta debe ser realizada en las mismas condiciones de operación de instrumento, los laboratorios de metrología están en la necesidad de conocer la confiabilidad metrológica (i.e.: errores e incertidumbres) para cada escenario de calibración. En este orden de ideas, Este estudio buscó evaluar los factores incidentes en la medición de masa y calibración de los instrumentos no automáticos de pesaje. La metodología aplicada (método de los mínimos cuadrados ordinarios) permitió estimar la confiabilidad metrológica de una Balanza Digital (Cap. Máx.: 30 kg; Res.: 0,001 kg) en 0,012% (k=2). Los resultados confirmaron que el método aplicado permitió disminuir la incertidumbre de ajuste hasta en 92,0% a partir de la utilización de un polinomio de cuarto grado cuando comparado con un modelo ampliamente utilizado por laboratorios de metrología convencionales, i.e.: polinomio de primer grado a partir de una regresión lineal simple.
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