El objetivo de este trabajo es el de explorar el proceso circular de inmigración de los antiguos inmigrantes otomanos a Brasil y mostrar cómo su categorización como blancos, en su nueva patria, les ayudo a redefinir su sentido de ciudadanía en Brasil y en el Levante. En la década de 1930, cuando los burócratas del estado desistieron del sueño largamente esperado de una raza blanca brasileña, nuevas ideas sobre raza, color y etnicidad sostuvieron un discurso nacional emergente: Democracia Racial. Durante esta redefinición de raza/color, los antiguos inmigrantes otomanos, indiferentemente de su fe, negociaron constantemente su condición de inmigrantes blancos. Para miembros comunitarios, de toda religión, la negociación de su estatus en nación brasileña era una tarea transnacional. Durante los años 30s del mandato francés en Siria y el Líbano, brasileños naturalizados y sus descendientes no sólo reafirmaron su brasilidade, sino que continuaron identificándose como blancos. La idea de una “doble ciudadanía”, brasileña y libanesa o siria, abrió un debate donde los ciudadanos brasileños tuvieron que confrontar el poder de los diferentes estados, que conjuntamente promulgaron leyes para producir ciudadanos leales a una sola nación. En resumen, los antiguos súbditos otomanos han sido centrales en la construcción de la raza y la ciudadanía al difuminar las líneas/fronteras encontradas a nivel mundial.
Recently the study of the Syrian-Lebanese communities in Latin America has attracted much attention from scholars across a variety of disciplines (Klich & Lesser, 1998; Zobel, 2006; Akmir, 2009). Although the impact of this emerging body of scholarship has greatly contributed to our understanding of non-European immigrants to Latin America and their contribution to their adoptive countries, less attention has been paid to the roles and experiences of Syrian-Lebanese women or women of Syrian-Lebanese descent. Even less attention has been paid to their transnational experiences.Syrian-Lebanese women are often referenced only in passing and are typicallydepicted as homebound, or as women of leisure engaged in charitable work. Many of these trivial and anecdotal glimpses into the lives of Syrian-Lebanese women in Brazil reflect and reinforce the constant reproduction of gender and color hierarchies inBrazilian nationalist ideology. There has been even less focus on questions pertaining to the privileged white status the Syrian-Lebanese immigrants enjoyed upon their arrival in Brazil.
On December 27, 1898, Mr. Jorge Cure and Mr. Antonio Bachera arrived at the local police station in São Paulo, Brazil 1 , to formally denounce the robbery of 50 fine-tooth combs, 30 scissors, and 20 dozen of switchblades from their business 2 . The businessmen reported the incident in adherence to the law procedures to formally involve the police authorities to recover the stolen merchandise valued at three contos de reis 3 . The men petitioned the authorities "in accordance with Art. 389 of the Brazilian Criminal Procedure Code, to look for and to retrieve the merchandise," which they were told was in position of Mr. Jacob Merchaud, owner of the business Merchaud & Irmãos 4 . The two men, accompanied by their attorney, signed the obligatory documents in which they swore to the truthfulness of their testimony "without any prejudice," as they were simply "exercising their legal rights 5 ."Mr. Carlos Gonzaga Junior, a scribe at that police station, in accordance to the law and its procedural execution, took the deposition of Mr. Felicio Mizidra to advance the investigation. The testimony of Mr. Mizidra fulfilled one of the multiple legal tasks required by the Brazilian Penal Code. In the police filling, Mr. Gonzaga described Mr. Mizidra as a twenty-five-year-old Arab man. In his deposition, Mr. Mizidra declared that a couple of days before, at nighttime, when the two businessmen were away from their business, "lots of merchandise was stolen". He testified that the stolen property was in the possession of Jacob Merchaud. After the deposition of Mr. Mizidra, the chief of police ordered a search warrant to enter Merchaud & Irmãos 6 . Upon his arrival to the business Merchaud & Irmãos, Mr. Gonzaga read the warrant to Mr. Mercahud, and then proceeded to perform a thorough inspection 7 . He entered the business accompanied by Mr. Severo Rodrigues de Macedo and Mr. Felicio Elias Maziarece, the two witnesses required by law, to perform the search warrant. Mr. Gongaza Junior found three fine-tooth combs, which he confiscated and later delivered Intracommunity Conflict among New Citizens: Ottoman Immigrants in Late ninete...
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