ABSTRACT. Scott-Knott is an hierarchical clustering algorithm used in the application of ANOVA, when the researcher is comparing treatment means, with a very important characteristic: it does not present any overlapping in its grouping results. We wrote a code, in R, that performs this algorithm starting from vectors, matrix, data.frame, aov or aov.list objects. The results are presented with letters representing groups, as well as through graphics using different colors to differentiate distinct groups. This R package, named ScottKnott is the main topic of this article.

The majority of environmental micro-organisms identified with the rRNA approach have never been visualized. Thus, their reliable classification and taxonomic assignment is often difficult or even impossible. In our preliminary 18S rRNA gene sequencing work from the world’s largest anoxic marine environment, the Cariaco Basin (Caribbean Sea, Venezuela), we detected a ciliate clade, designated previously as CAR_H [Stoeck, S., Taylor, G. T. & Epstein, S. S. (2003). Appl Environ Microbiol 63, 5656–5663]. Here, we combine the traditional rRNA detection method of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confirm the phylogenetic separation of the CAR_H sequences from all other ciliate classes by showing an outstanding morphological feature of this group: a unique, archway-shaped kinety surrounding the oral apparatus and extending to the posterior body end in CAR_H cells. Based on this specific feature and the molecular phylogenies, we propose a novel ciliate class, Cariacotrichea nov. cl.

(5) RESUMO A substituição de ambientes de floresta por pastagens leva a importantes mudanças no estoque de C do solo e consequentemente na ciclagem global desse elemento. Este trabalho foi realizado no município de Itabela -Bahia, e teve por objetivo avaliar o C estocado no solo em pastagem degradada e produtiva com diferentes idades de uso, comparativamente ao solo de mata natural. Para tal, foram selecionadas áreas com remanescentes de Mata Atlântica, pastos produtivos com 2, 9 e 18 anos de uso e pasto mal manejado com 18 anos, situadas em relevo plano e mesma classe de solo (Argissolo Amarelo). Nesses locais, foram alocadas três parcelas para coletas de amostras de solo e posterior análise de C. Com os dados obtidos, foi possível observar que não houve diferença significativa para os estoques de C do solo, entre os ambientes de mata, pasto degradado e pasto produtivo, com diferentes idades de uso e nas diferentes camadas de solo avaliadas. Além disso, observou-se que após 28 anos de uso com pastagem bem e mal manejada, em média 62 % do C orgânico do solo ainda é derivado da floresta original.

Clonal genotypes resistant to fungal diseases are an important component of the cocoa production system in southeastern Bahia state (Brazil), so that technologies for faster production of stronger and healthier plantlets are highly desirable. In this study, the effects of inoculated bacterial endophytes isolated from healthy adult cacao plants on seedlings, and aspects related to inoculation methods, colonization patterns, and photosynthesis were investigated. Sequencing of 16S rRNA, hsp-60, and rpo-B genes placed the wild-type isolates within the species Enterobacter cloacae (isolates 341 and 344) and Bacillus subtilis (isolate 629). Spontaneous rifampicin-resistant (rif(R)) variants for 344 were also produced and tested. Endophytic application was either by immersion of surface sterilized seeds in bacterial suspensions or direct inoculation into soil, 20 days after planting non-inoculated seeds into pots. Results from in vitro recovery of inoculated isolates showed that the wild-type endophytes and rif(R) variants systemically colonized the entire cacao seedlings in 15-20 days, regardless of the inoculation method. Some endophytic treatments showed significant increases in seedlings' height, number of leaves, and dry matter. Inoculation methods affected the combined application of endophytes, which maintained the growth-promotion effects, but not in the same manner as in single applications. Interestingly, the 344-3.2 rif(R) variant showed improved performance in relation to both the wild type and another related variant. Photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance increased significantly for some endophytic treatments, being partially associated with effects on growth and affected by the inoculation method. The results suggest that E. cloacae and B. subtilis endophytes from healthy adult plants (not transmitted by seeds) were able to promote vegetative growth on cacao seedlings. The development of products for large-scale use in seedlings/plantlets production systems was discussed.

Frutos de gravioleira dos tipos 'Morada', 'Lisa' e 'Comum', produzidos na região Sul do Estado da Bahia, foram avaliados quanto às características físicas e químicas. Com relação às características físicas, não foram detectadas diferenças de peso entre os tipos Morada (3,21kg), Lisa (2,82kg) e Comum (2,39kg). Os frutos do tipo 'Lisa' apresentaram maior rendimento de polpa (85,85%) em relação aos frutos dos tipos 'Morada' (83,57%) e 'Comum' (83,12%). A menor razão entre o comprimento e o diâmetro, dos frutos tipos 'Morada' e 'Lisa', os caracteriza como cordiformes. Quanto às características químicas, não houve diferença entre os frutos, à exceção do maior valor de açúcares solúveis totais apresentado pelos frutos do tipo Lisa (14,55g/100g. Os valores médios apresentados foram: ºBrix 13,11; acidez 0,94 g/100g; pH 3,46, e vitamina C 37,25mg/100g. Estes valores, com exceção do pH, superaram os valores mínimos estabelecidos no Padrão de Identidade e Qualidade do Ministério da Agricultura, para polpa de graviola.

No abstract

At the northern limits of the range of the palm species Euterpe edulis there is an endemic ecotype, known as the "Bahia" ecotype, which is distinguished by its reddish crownshaft and low seed production. Unfortunately, little is known about its demographic characteristics. Therefore, we contrasted the density of E. edulis populations in the Una region, in the southern part of the Bahia state, Brazil, with that of other populations of the species in southern and southeastern Brazil. In addition, within the Una region, we compared a long-protected forest fragment (F1) with three recently protected fragments (F2, F3, and F4), in terms of demographic parameters and plant size, in order to determine what influence, if any, time since protection has on E. edulis populations. Population densities within the Una region were higher than in regions where E. edulis populations are stressed by harvesting or intense seed predation but much lower than in regions with well protected populations. Among the Una fragments, density was highest in F1 and lowest in F2. The proportion of individuals at the various developmental stages differed among the fragments (χ²=25.219, df=12, p=0.014). Diameter at ground level, height, and number of leaves correlated positively among themselves and negatively with population density. For all developmental stages, F1 surpassed the other fragments in terms of densities and plant sizes. It is likely that the newly protected populations suffer the lingering effects of previous harvesting, which are reflected in their demography and in the size of their individual members. The viability of this low-density endemic ecotype must be established in order to assess the conservation status of the species on a regional scale.

RESUMO