This article aims to contribute to better understanding of the scope of judicial review in European competition law. It does so by exploring its boundaries and highlighting the different functions of judicial review and competition law enforcement. On the one hand, the European courts have to protect citizens' rights. Fit for this purpose, Article 263 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provides a comprehensive way to review the law, the facts and their appraisal. However, on the other hand, courts are not competition authorities. This raises some limits for judicial review. First, courts are entitled to annul the Commission's decision, but as a rule they cannot pronounce on the merits of the case. Second, courts can annul discretionary decisions when they do not conform with the legal framework, but cannot substitute their own discretion for that of the European Commission. Third, judicial review can eventually be limited to control whether the Commission made a manifest error in the assessment of complex and technical issues. Fourth, in spite of the unlimited jurisdiction (Article 261 TFEU), in fact courts give the European Commission significant leeway in the application of fines.
The digital economy is leading to substantial changes in the financial sector. Not surprisingly, it raises a number of sensitive legal issues. (1) New technologies and big data are expected to increase efficiency in the financial sector. But some limits need to be drawn in order to protect the fundamental rights at stake, such as privacy and non-discrimination. (2) The application of the so called supervisory technology (SupTech) can improve financial supervision, but it does not seem to alter its legal foundations. (3) We have to consider the role that big techs might play in the financial system and whether they should be subject to a tailor made regulation. ( 4) Digital currencies take us to the basics of what money is and to wonder what the role of the State is in relation to it. ( 5) Finally, we have to consider the implications that the creation of an official digital currency could have for the financial system.
The spanish Jishing fleet catches deep-water species on both sides of the Nprth Atlaniic ocean. In terms of catches, the most imPortdnt commercial species is the Greenland hatibut Eeinhardtius hippoglossoides) which is caught in the NAFO Divisions 3L, 3M and jN. In this fishery most research has focused on the Greenland halibut and the paper contains some preliminary information on length distribution, spawning and feeding. The fishery first commenced in 1990 and the fshing effort increased from 9 vessels in 1990 to 33 vessels in 1993. Each vessel makes a voyage of 5 to 6 months. It is the practice to monitor catches, catch information and biological data by employing trained observers on the vessels. spanish vessels also fish for deeywater species in the eastern North Atlantic, and the paper describes the fishery for yarious species of deep-water sharks in depths from -¿60 m. to in excess of 1000 m. using longlines. These fsheries take place in ICES areas wI, wllc and IXa. Also in the eastern Atlantic there are spanish fisheries for monkfish (Lophius piscatorius and L. budegassa) using gillnets, and a small fishery for Chaecon affini s, (formerly Geryon affinis) on the Banco de Galicia using longlines and baps spanish scientists and fishermen have also carried out surveys in deep'water since 1974 using trawl gear down to 2000 m. and more recently with longlines down to 3400 m. 287 A. G. Hopper (ed.), Deep-Water Fisheries of the North Atlantic Oceanic Slope,287-295 ' @ 19 §15 kluwer Academic Publish¿rs.
Resumen: (i) Desde los años ochenta, la Unión Europea ha impulsado la incorporación de los servicios económicos de interés general al mercado interior. Las normas europeas han liberalizado y armonizado el régimen jurídico de los grandes sectores económicos. Se han alcanzado progresos apreciables en la integración europea, pero el mercado interior sigue sin ser una realidad acabada. (ii) En cambio, los servicios sociales son competencia de los Estados miembros. No están sujetos a las reglas del mercado interior, aunque sí a las normas generales del Tratado. Palabras clave: servicios de interés general -servicios públicos -regulación -competenciaAbstract: (i) Since the eighties, the European Union has implemented a policy aimed to achieve that the services of general economic interest are truly integrated in the internal market. To this end, European regulation has liberalized and harmonized the legal framework of the main economic sectors. Significant progress towards European integration has been achieved. However, the internal market is still not truly effective. (ii) Conversely, noneconomic services are primarily the responsibility of Member States. They are not covered by the internal market rules, although the general provisions of the Treaty are to be applied.
Los contratos administrativos de concesión de servicios y de servicios a los ciudadanos.
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