No abstract

Resumo -A nutrição adequada da plântula durante a fase de viveiro é determinante para reduzir o tempo de transplantio e pegamento no campo. O cedro doce, embora seja explorado comercialmente, carece de informações científicas acerca do seu processo produtivo, sobretudo na fase de viveiro. Objetivou-se, portanto, com esse estudo, avaliar dois níveis de correção da acidez do substrato com calcário dolomítico (PRNT 100%) e cinco doses de potássio na forma de KCl (0; 5; 10; 15 e 30 mg planta -1 de K 2 O), aplicadas em cobertura, por meio foliar, para mudas de cedro doce em estágio inicial de desenvolvimento, cultivadas em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com quatro repetições, perfazendo um total de 400 parcelas experimentais. Cada parcela experimental foi representada por 10 plantas. Após 50 dias de emergência avaliaram-se: altura da parte aérea (ALT), comprimento da raiz (CR), diâmetro do coleto (DC), biomassa fresca e seca da parte aérea e da raiz (BFPA; BSPA; BFRA; BSRA) e os índices: ALT/DC; ALT/BSPA; BSRA/BSPA e Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). Concluiu-se que os fatores em estudo atuaram na qualidade da muda de modo independente; o efeito da calagem restringiu-se às variáveis relacionadas à raiz; as doses de potássio determinaram incrementos positivos nas variáveis ALT, CR, DC, BFPA, BSPA, BFRA, BSRA e no índice IQD. Nos índices ALT/DC; ALT/ BSPA e BSRA/BSPA os incrementos foram negativos em relação às dosagens potássicas utilizadas. As doses estudadas ficaram aquém da demanda nutricional da muda, indicando que o cedro doce tem elevada demanda por K.Palavras-chaves -Nutrição mineral. Adubação potássica. Calagem. Substrato.Abstract -The proper nutrition during the seedling nursery stage is crucial to reduce the time of transplanting and grafting in the field. And although the cedro doce is commercially exploited, there is no information available about its nutrition. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the levels of correction of the substrate with dolomitic limestone and five doses of potassium applied, through foliar method and in form of covering, to cedro doce seedling in early stage of development and grown in nurseries. The experiment was carried out in the seedling nursery of the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of Universidade Federal de Roraima. The treatments resulted from the combination of two factors, namely: two levels of correction of soil acidity with dolomitic limestone and five doses of potassium in the form of KCl (0; 5; 10; 15 and 30 gm plant of K 2 O). The delineation applied was entirely randomized in a factorial pattern with four repetitions. On the fiftieth day were evaluated the following: the height of the aerial part (HEP), root length (RL), stem diameter (SD), fresh and dry biomass of the aerial part, root (FBAP; DBAP; FBR; DBR) and the HEP/SD; HEP/DBAP; DBR/BSPA and DQI rates. It was concluded that the factors under study acted independently in the seedling quality; the liming effect was res...

Ayahuasca is a psychoactive infusion with a large pharmacological application normally prepared with Banisteriopsis caapi, which contains the monoamine oxidase inhibitors β-carbolines, and Psichotria virids, which contains the serotonin receptor agonist N,N dimethyltryptamine (DMT). The objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical profile of B. caapi and of ayahuasca collected in various Brazilian regions. In total, 176 plant lianas, of which 159 B. caapi and 33 ayahuasca samples were analyzed. Dried liana samples were powdered, extracted with methanol, diluted, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Ayahuasca samples were diluted and analyzed. Mean concentrations in B. caapi were 4.79 mg/g harmine, 0.451 mg/g harmaline, and 2.18 mg/g tetrahydroharmine (THH), with a high variability among the samples (RSD from 78.9 to 170%). Native B. caapi samples showed significantly higher harmine concentrations than cultivated ones, and samples from the Federal District/Goiás had higher THH content than those collected in the State of Acre. The other Malpighiaceae samples did not contain β-carbolines, except for one D. pubipetala sample. Concentrations in ayahuasca samples ranged from 0.109 to 7.11 mg/mL harmine, 0.012 to 0.945 mg/mL harmaline, 0.09 to 3.05 mg/mL THH, and 0.10 to 3.12 mg/mL DMT. The analysis of paired ayahuasca/B. caapi confirmed that harmine is reduced to harmaline and to THH during the brew preparation. This is the largest study conducted with Malpighiaceae samples and showed a large variability in the main β-carbolines present in B. caapi. This biodiversity is a challenge for standardization of the material used in ethnopharmacological studies of B. caapi and ayahuasca.

Psychotria viridis (Rubioideae: Rubiaceae), popularly known as chacrona, is commonly found as a shrub in the Amazon region and is well-known to produce psychoactive compounds, such as the N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Together with the liana Banisteropsis caapi, P. viridis is one of the main components of the Amerindian traditional, entheogenic beverage known as ayahuasca. In this work, we assembled and annotated the organellar genomes (ptDNA and mtDNA), presenting the first genomics resources for this species. The P. viridis ptDNA exhibits 154,106 bp, encoding all known ptDNA gene repertoire found in angiosperms. The Psychotria genus is a complex paraphyletic group, and according to phylogenomic analyses, P. viridis is nested in the Psychotrieae clade. Comparative ptDNA analyses indicate that most Rubiaceae plastomes present conserved ptDNA structures, often showing slight differences at the junction sites of the major four regions (LSC-IR-SSC). For the mitochondrion, assembly graph-based analysis supports a complex mtDNA organization, presenting at least two alternative and circular mitogenomes structures exhibiting two main repeats spanning 24 kb and 749 bp that may symmetrically isomerize the mitogenome into variable arrangements and isoforms. The circular mtDNA sequences (615,370 and 570,344 bp) encode almost all plant mitochondrial genes (except for the ccmC, rps7, rps10, rps14, rps19, rpl2 and rpl16 that appears as pseudogenes, and the absent genes sdh3, rps2, rsp4, rsp8, rps11, rpl6, and rpl10), showing slight variations related to exclusive regions, ptDNA integration, and relics of previous events of LTR-RT integration. The detection of two mitogenomes haplotypes is evidence of heteroplasmy as observed by the complex organization of the mitochondrial genome using graph-based analysis. Taken together, these results elicit the primary insights into the genome biology and evolutionary history of Psychotria viridis and may be used to aid strategies for conservation of this sacred, entheogenic species.