The study was conducted at the Amazon Research Center CIMAZ - MACAGUAL of the University of Amazonia, Colombia, with a tropical rain forest climate (Af). The behavior of Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and Caqueteño Creole cattle, the animals were observed in paddocks with three levels of scattered tree cover density. The pasture was composed of Braquiaria decumbens with 35 days of regrowth. Direct observations were made from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. with 10-minute intervals between the recording of the activities. The activity performed most often during the day by all of the animals was grazing under the sun, and those who pasture the most are the Caqueteño Creole, followed by the Bos indicus and, finally, the Bos taurus. Ruminating was the second most important activity performed by the cattle, having presented the same tendency. In the paddocks with a low level of tree cover, the animals pasture more in the shade; this trend is more relevant among B. taurus cattle. Caqueteño Creole cattle dedicate less time to water consumption and rest, spending more time grazing, in the high and medium cover levels, they interrupt the grazing at noon for a shorter time compared to B. indicus and B. taurus; after 2 p.m., the creoles vertiginously increase grazing. At the high cover level, the peak of grazing of the Caqueteño Creoles is at 9 a.m. and from 1-1:30 p.m., while at the medium tree cover level, the peak of pasturing was at noon, 1:30 p.m., and 4:30 p.m., at the high tree level of cover, the peak for the three breeds was at 11 a.m. Only at the average tree level of cover did the Caquetaño creoles and B. indicus present a similar peak. In 9-9:30 a.m. and 4-5 p.m., the breeds substantially reduce rumination.
El estudio propuso estimar el carbono equivalente (CO2e) generado por la actividad ganadera en el piedemonte amazónico y cómo se relaciona con los beneficios económicos. Se calcularon indicadores de rentabilidad (como el valor presente neto, la razón beneficio costo y la tasa única de retorno) y se estimó la emisión de CO2e proveniente de las actividades operativas, administrativas y de comercialización en una muestra de 60 fincas ubicadas en el piedemonte amazónico colombiano. Se empleó análisis de conglomerados como técnica multivariada para determinar tipologías conforme con las características socioeconómicas de productores y niveles de producción de las fincas. Se propuso un modelo econométrico para hallar la emisión marginal de CO2 atribuida a la generación de utilidad, cuya validez teórica y estadística empleó el estimador de máxima verosimilitud y pruebas de hipótesis de medias. Se encontraron dos tipos de fincas según los factores económicos y ambientales: sistemas ganaderos de acumulación simple y sistemas ganaderos de subsistencia. El impacto de la actividad ganadera en el ambiente es observable a través de la huella de carbono: por cada millón de pesos generado en utilidades se emiten 0,033 Mg de CO2e, mientras que por cada bovino introducido se emiten 1,337 Mg de CO2e. En las fincas se estimó una huella de carbono de 3,1 Mg CO2e.ha-1. Estos datos aportan indicadores ambientales y económicos hacia la valoración de la sostenibilidad y permiten conocer el impacto que tiene la actividad ganadera en la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero que ha conllevado al cambio climático.
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