2019. Cross-cultural analysis of the ecological behavior of Chilean and Spanish ecotourists: a structural model. Ecology and Society 24(4):38. https://doi.ABSTRACT. Citizen concern for the environment in light of problems such as freshwater shortages, deforestation, and climate change has been steadily increasing in postmodern societies since the mid-20th century. Ecotourists and their proenvironmental or proecological behavior are still areas of opportunity for research in order to understand the factors, whether economic, cultural, social, demographic, or psychographic, that determine this behavior. This research uses the value-belief-norm (VBN) theory and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to analyze the intention to practice ecotourism among ecotourists from two countries with different cultures and customs. Based on these premises, the objective of this work is to create a new model that facilitates the understanding of the intention to practice ecotourism, as well as the intention to pay more for it, by comparing ecotourists from two different cultures, Chilean and Spanish, in which the importance of ecotourism is similar. The data were obtained from a panel of 809 ecotourists (406 Chileans and 403 Spaniards) through partial least squares-structural equation modeling. The results indicate that the model is a good fit to the data; therefore, the hypotheses were confirmed. Specifically, the construct of conscience in consequences and the construct of personal norms have a strong influence on the intention to practice ecotourism. The results suggest that the proposed model is a useful framework for understanding the behavioral intention of ecotourists from different countries and their intention to pay more for ecotourism. The cultural differences between the two countries did not affect the causal relations established in the model in any way.Ecology and Society 24(4): 38 https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss4/art38/ LITERATURE CITED Aguilar, M. 2006. Predicción de la conducta de reciclaje a partir de la Teoría de la conducta planificada y desde el modelo del valor, normas y creencias hacia el medio ambiente. Thesis, University of Granada, Granada.
Concern for the environment, which is of interest to academia, the business world and society in general, has meant the development of green marketing in the last half century. Environment can influence consumer behaviour and specifically the way tourists consume. The promotion of ecotourism, through information and communication, must be based on the identification of the different behaviour models to which marketing strategies are directed, according to needs, motivations, interests, expectations, behaviours and attitudes. The main research goal of this study is to determine the internal and external factors that influence the consumer behaviours identified as ecotourists, as well as the factors that shape their purchasing intentions. The theory of planned behaviour has shown its usefulness because its object (i.e., intention to perform a behaviour, taking into account that in the intentions are the factors that motivate the behaviour), through attitudes and beliefs, is the prediction and understanding of the way individuals behave. A model that facilitates the understanding of the ecological behaviour of ecotourists has been developed, starting from the value-belief-norm model towards the environment, to which a construct related to the theory of planned behaviour has been incorporated, in order to better understand the behaviour of ecotourists. The method used to analyse the causal model has been the structural equation modelling, and the sample used amounts to 403 ecotourists within a country characterized by the importance of tourism sector in its economic growing: Spain. The main result obtained indicates that the proposed model is useful to know the ecological behaviour of ecotourists. Specifically, it has been facilitated the knowledge of the factors that affect the intention to do ecotourism and to pay more to consume this type of activities. It could be useful for professionals of tourism sector to analyse and improve their ecological marketing strategies.
En el Ecuador, el gobierno desde el año 2010 asumió el control de admisión de los estudiantes a la Educación Superior, estableciendo nuevos métodos de ingreso a las universidades públicas del país, el mecanismo más significativo y de mayor debate e impacto fue la introducción del Examen Nacional para la Educación Superior (ENES) que se tomó por primera vez en 2011 y que modificó drásticamente el mecanismo de ingreso a la educación de tercer nivel en Ecuador y provocó multiples efectos que han sido poco estudidos; por lo que, con la presente investigación pretendemos contribuir a conocer este fenómeno mediante el analisis algunos de los problemas presentados a los estudiantes de la carrera de Agronomía de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH) de la ciudad de Riobamba, provincia Chimborazo. Para realizar el presente trabajo se aplicaron encuestas a los estudiantes que se encontraban matriculados en el primer semestre de la carrera de Agronomía para el período académico octubre de 2016 y marzo de 2017, considerando aspectos como la auto-identificación étnica, sexo, edad, provincia y cantón en la que se encuentra el colegio en el que se graduó como bachiller, el número de postulaciones que realizó para lograr un cupo en la carrera deseada por los estudiantes de acuerdo a los cupos ofertados en el Sistema Nacional de Nivelación y Admisión. También se consideran aspectos como el egreso económico que las familias tuvieron que realizar para preparar a sus hijos para obtener mejores puntajes y los gastos que están realizando para que ellos estudien en la ESPOCH en la ciudad de Riobamba. Entre los resultados mas significativos obtenidos tenemos que el el 50.4% mujeres y 49.6% hombres; el 83% de los estudiantes matriculados en el primer semestre de la carrera de Agronomía se autoidentificó como mestizo, el 15% como indígena y un 2% como afroecuatoriano; el 78% se graduó en colegios fiscales, el 13% en colegios particulares y el 9% en fiscomisionales. El 67.37% proviene de la provincia de Chimborazo y el 51.6% es de Riobamba. Para ingresar a la carrera el 55,8% realizó una postulación, 2 el 33,7%; 3 ocasiones el 7,4%; y, mas de 4 oportunidades el 2,1%. En cuanto al puntaje en la primera postulación los resultados fueron el 62,92% entre 701 y 800 puntos; el 26,97% entre 601 y 700 puntos; el 6,74% de 801 a 900 puntos. El 51% se inscribió en cursos prepratorios para realizar el examen; y el 73.91% dijo que le fue útil, pero solo el 6.74% alcanzo notas entre 801 y 900 puntos en la primera postulación puntajes que solo al 47% de los estudiantes les permitió lograr un cupo para la carrera que ellos deseaban. El 46% se vio en la necesidad de cambian su lugar de residencia para realizar sus estudios, de ellos el 64% lo hizo desde otra provincia, lo que implica que debe realizar gastos para su estadía. Este es un trabajo pionero, que parte desde el punto de vista de los estudiantes y presenta las primeras evidencias empíricas y nos da pistas para tratar de comprender lo que está sucediendo con la aplicación del ENES, tanto en los efectos como en las consecuencias que está teniendo la implementación del sistema de ingreso a las universidades ecuatorianas que tiene a esta prueba como su eje angular, también proporciona datos para dilucidar algunos mitos que se han construido alrededor de este instrumento, que a su vez pueden servir para la realización de nuevas investigaciones. In Ecuador, the government since 2010 assumed control of admission of students to Higher Education, establishing new methods of admission to public universities in the country, the most significant mechanism and the most debate and impact was the introduction of the Exam National for Higher Education (ENES) which was taken for the first time in 2011 and drastically modified the mechanism of entry to third level education in Ecuador and caused multiple effects that have been little studied; so, with this research we intend to contribute to know this phenomenon by analyzing some of the problems presented to the students of the career of Agronomy of the Faculty of Natural Resources of the Polytechnic School of Chimborazo (ESPOCH) of the city of Riobamba, Chimborazo province.To carry out this work, surveys were applied to students who were enrolled in the first semester of the Agronomy career for the academic period October 2016 and March 2017, considering aspects such as ethnic self-identification, sex, age, province and the canton in which the college where he graduated as a bachelor is located, the number of applications he made to achieve a quota in the career desired by the students according to the quotas offered in the National Leveling and Admission System. They also consider aspects such as the economic income that families had to make to prepare their children to obtain better scores and the expenses, they are making so that they study at the ESPOCH in the city of Riobamba. Among the most significant results obtained we have that 50.4% women and 49.6% men; 83% of students enrolled in the first semester of Agronomy self-identified as mestizo, 15% as indigenous and 2% as Afro-Ecuadorian; 78% graduated in tax colleges, 13% in private schools and 9% in fiscomisionales. 67.37% comes from the province of Chimborazo and 51.6% comes from Riobamba. To enter the race, 55.8% made a nomination, 2 33.7%; 3 occasions 7.4%; and, more than 4 opportunities 2.1%. As for the score in the first application, the results were 62.92% between 701 and 800 points; 26.97% between 601 and 700 points; 6.74% from 801 to 900 points. 51% enrolled in prep courses to take the exam; and 73.91% said that it was useful, but only 6.74% reached scores between 801 and 900 points in the first postulation scores that only 47% of the students allowed them to achieve a quota for the career they wanted. 46% saw the need to change their place of residence to carry out their studies, of which 64% did so from another province, which implies that they must make expenses for their stay. This is a pioneering work, which starts from the point of view of the students and presents the first empirical evidence and gives us clues to try to understand what is happening with the application of the ENES, both in the effects and in the consequences that are having the implementation of the entrance system to the Ecuadorian universities that has this test as its cornerstone, it also provides data to elucidate some myths that have been built around this instrument, which in turn can be used to carry out new research. Palabras Claves: Examen Nacional de Educación Superior, educación superior, gratuidad, asignación de cupos, postulaciones. Keywords: National Examination of Higher Education, higher education, gratuity, quota allocation, applications.
Resumen: Esta investigación pretende conocer el perfil del turista residente en España que tiene la intención de realizar ecoturismo o turismo ecológico, así como conocer los principales servicios que éstos demandan y las actividades de interés. España es un país que cuenta con una extensa protección de su territorio y a la vez es uno de los países donde el turismo, y en concreto el turismo de naturaleza tiene cifras muy importantes. Se empleó una metodología cuantitativa a través de una encuesta realizada en línea, se realizaron 403 entrevistas a través de una base de datos electrónica de una empresa especializada trabajando sobre aspectos demográficos, socioeconómicos y sobre los servicios ecoturísticos. Entre otros resultados se aprecia que el perfil del turista de naturaleza es hombre, mayor de 45 años, pose estudios universitarios, vive en localidades de más de diez mil habitantes y tiene un salario entorno a la media. El estudio supone una oportunidad para los operadores turísticos, porque facilita el diseño de planes y estrategias de comunicación y marketing para de cara a los futuros consumidores.
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