The availability of baseline data on water parameters and primary productivity is essential in comparative studies aimed at identifying environmental trends, like eutrophication, in coastal embayments. In this context, the objetive of this work is to make accessible data, collected from 2000 to 2002, on 13 water parameters (Secchi depth, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, suspended matter, chlorophyll-a, phaeopigments, phosphate, silicate, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate) their temporal and spatial distribution, and primary productivity at four coastal sites of Costa Rica. The multi-parameter survey was conducted based on surface (1 m deep) water samples collected at a total of 128 stations at three Pacific and one Caribbean embayments: a bay under the influence of upwelling (Culebra Bay), a tidal estuary (Gulf of Nicoya), a semi-enclosed small coastal bay bordered by mangroves (Golfito Bay), and a Caribbean bay and port (Moin Bay). Graphic distributions of stations from the four embayments and for the Gulf of Nicoya were obtained by Principal Component Analysis (PCA).PCA Gabriel biplots were used to illustrate the relative importance of each parameter on the separation of stations. The four embayments were separated by PCA based on the 13 parameters. The maximum values recorded were: Secchi depth: 12.6 m; salinity: 35 psu; temperature: 32.5 oC; oxygen: 11.4 mg/L; oxygen saturation: 188 %; suspended matter: 156.04 mg/L; chlorophyll-a: 16.21 mg/m3; phaeopigments: 6.37 mg/m3; phosphate: 9.53 µmol/L; silicate: 156.11 µmol/L; ammonium: 2.66 µmol/L; nitrite: 2.47 µmol/L; and nitrate: 4.59 µmol/L. Salinity and several nutrients varied seasonally (dry vs rainy) in the Gulf of Nicoya estuary. Estimates of net primary productivity (Winkler oxygen method) produced a maximum 2 206 g C/m2/year at Culebra Bay. The maximum net PP (g C/m2/year) at the other three embayments, were: 1 601 (Gulf of Nicoya), 1 371 (Golfito Bay), and 1 100 (Moín Bay). Net PP values showed high variability in space and time, and ranged from negative to those associated with oligotrophic, eutrophic, and hypertrophic waters. In the Gulf of Nicoya 60 % of the values of net PP exceeded the reference value (500 g C/m2/year) to separate eutrophic from hypertrophic conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(Suppl. 1): S211-S230. Epub 2018 April 01.
<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Las monedas de Costa Rica incluyen una variedad de ilustraciones de plantas, desde una palmera (</span><span>Attalea rostrata </span><span>?) en la primera moneda de oro conocida (1825), hasta un alga marina (</span><span>Caulerpa prolifera </span><span>?) en una pieza conmemorativa de 1974. Las semillas del cacao (</span><span>Theobroma cacao</span><span>) fueron uti- lizadas legalmente desde 1709 como moneda. El árbol nacional (</span><span>Enterolobium cyclocarpum</span><span>), y la flor nacional (</span><span>Guarianthe skinneri</span><span>), una orquídea, fueron ambas representadas en monedas conmemorativas de 1975 y la orquídea nuevamente en una pieza de plata de 1983. El café (</span><span>Coffea arabica</span><span>) y el tabaco (</span><span>Nicotiana tabacum</span><span>), están representadas como plantas completas en monedas de 1842 y 1847-1850, respectivamente. Las ramas de café han sido ilustradas en la mayoría de las monedas a partir de 1935. El árbol del algodón sedoso (</span><span>Ceiba pentandra</span><span>) y una especie siempre verde de encina (</span><span>Quercus sp </span><span>?) han sido grabadas en piezas de mediados del siglo XIX. Ilustraciones similares al mirto (</span><span>Myrtus communis</span><span>) y a una especie desconocida de palma, fueron incluidas en coronas en las monedas desde 1842. El laurel (</span><span>Laurus nobilis</span><span>) es mencionado en decretos desde 1863. Sin embargo, diseños más similares a </span><span>M. communis </span><span>que a </span><span>L. nobilis </span><span>fueron incluidos en monedas de oro y plata.</span></p></div></div></div>
Los billetes bancarios y los boletos de café de Costa Rica incluyen ilustraciones de varias plantas. La hoja del acanto (Acanthus sp.) es utilizada como ornamentación en muchos billetes desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta finales del siglo XX. La ilustración botánica más conocida es la orquídea Guarianthe skinneri, flor nacional de Costa Rica, incluida en el anverso de los billetes de 5 colones emitidos de 1968 a 1992. El grabado más común desde 1935 en las monedas es la rama (bandola) del café (Coffea arabica) con frutos. Los boletos de café, en uso en Costa Rica desde la mitad del siglo XIX, incluyen varias formas de representar al arbusto del cafeto. También se utilizaron boletos con ilustraciones de varias especies de otras plantas, como el mirto (Myrtus communis). La industria cafetalera en Costa Rica tuvo sus inicios en 1840 con las primeras exportaciones y se convirtió en el principal cultivo del país. En este trabajo citamos los nombres de algunas plantas asociadas a la actividad cafetalera, incluyendo algunas malezas, árboles utiliza- dos para definir los límites de los cafetales y para sombra, así como algunas fibras vegetales utilizadas en la elaboración de los canastos para recoger el fruto maduro.
Medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a coastal upwelling zone, Culebra Bay, Pacific, Costa Rica. The hydromedusae have an important role in marine trophic webs due to their predatory feeding habits. This is the first study of this group of gelatinous marine zooplankton in a coastal upwelling area of Central America. The composition and abundance variability of hydromedusae were studied during six months in 1999 at four stations in Culebra Bay, Gulf of Papagayo, Pacific coast of Costa Rica (10º37' N-85º40' W). A total of 53 species were identified, of which 26 are new records for Costa Rica, 21 are new records for Central America, and eight are new records for the Eastern Tropical Pacific. The more abundant species (more than 30% of the total abundance) were Liriope tetraphylla, Solmundella bitentaculata and Aglaura hemistoma. Six species occurred throughout the sampling period, 10 were present only during the dry season (December-April), and 17 were so during the rainy season (May-November). Significant differences of medusan abundances were found between seasons (dry vs. rainy). Maximum abundance (2.1±4.3ind./m³) was recorded when upwelled deeper water influenced the Bay, as indicated by local higher oxygen concentrations and lower water temperatures. The relatively high species richness of medusae found in Culebra Bay is probably related to factors like the pristine condition of the Bay, the arrival of oceanic species transported by the Equatorial Counter Current (ECC), the eastward shoaling of the Costa Rica Dome, and local currents. Illustrations of the 15 more important species are included to facilitate their identification and foster future work in the region.
The objectives of this report are to provide an updated list of the annelid polychaete worm species found at a tropical estuarine intertidal flat, describe long term oscillations of 11 of the species, and the impact of red tides as evidenced by PCA. From 1984 to 1987 (49 dates) 14 sediment cores (17.7 cm2 – 15 cm deep) were collected per date at low tide from a 400 m2 muddy-sand plot in the Gulf of Nicoya estuary (10oN-85oW), Pacific, Costa Rica. All cores were fixed in Rose Bengal stained formalin and sieved thru a 500 micron mesh screen. A total of 43 species of polychaetes were found and distributed among 25 families and 6600 individuals, of which 80% were represented by: Mediomastus californiensis (32.4%), Caraziella calafia (20.3%), Paraprionospio alata (9.2%), Scolotema tetraura (5.9%), Gymnonereis crosslandi (4.9%), Spiophanex duplex (3.8%), and Glycinde armigera (3.5%). M. californiensis was numerically dominant during most of the sampling dates. The Spionidae (6), Phyllodocidae (4), and Nereididae (3) were the more speciose polychaete families. Populations of all species were patchy in space and time. The abundance patterns of 11 species are illustrated for the 1984-1987 data set. These patterns may reflect declining populations at the beginning of 1984 perhaps influenced by the strong 1982-1983 ENSO event. During 1985 red tides may have influenced the abundances of polychaetes as indicated by the results of a PCA. This is the first time that population patterns of nine species of intertidal polychaetes over a three year period, and the impact of red tides on these worms are reported for this region of the eastern Pacific. General Additive Models (GAM) were applied to the abundances of M. californiensis and P. alata found during 1984-1987 and to additional data from 1994 to 1996 (28 dates) The GAM approach confirmed ealier observations of seasonal oscillations of these species during 1984-1987, but these trends were not found during 1994-1998. Previously unnoticed underlying patterns of unknown origin were also detected by the application of GAM. The theoretical framework needed for the interpretation of results from tropical benthic surveys could improve significantly from more long term monitoring. Long term abundance data is essential to evaluate the impacts of anthropogenic activities in estuaries.
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