We have carried out geological studies including mapping at the scale 1 : 50 000 in the southern part of the San Salvador Metropolitan Area to support urban planning and natural hazard mitigation. The study area extends over the Cordillera del Bálsamo, marginal fault system and southern part of the Central Graben between the active San Salvador volcano and Ilopango caldera. It represents a segment in the Central American Volcanic Front. Volcanic rocks of the Late Miocene to recent age, classified as the Bálsamo, Cuscatlán and San Salvador formations, occur in the area. Remnants of two large basaltic andesite to andesite stratovolcanoes, Panchimalco and Jayaque, represent the Bálsamo Formation. They show periclinal dips and facies zoning from lava flows and coarse epiclastic volcanic breccias of the proximal zone through epiclastic volcanic breccias/conglomerates of the medial zone to epiclastic volcanic conglomerates and sandstones of the distal zone. Their ages are 7.2-6.1 Ma and 2.6-1.5 Ma respectively. The Cuscatlán Formation comprises the Jayaque and Santo Tomás calderas, the andesitic-dacitic Ilopango and Jayaque ignimbrites (1.9-1.4 Ma) in the SW and SE parts of the area, the Ilopango andesitic volcano (1.5-0.8 Ma), the Loma Larga basaltic volcano (0.8-0.5 Ma), the Planes de Renderos caldera, the dacite-andesite San Jacinto extrusive domes and effusive cone (0.4-0.25 Ma), the San José tuff/scoria cone, the Ilopango caldera extrusive domes (0.25-0.05 Ma), the Antiguo Cuscatlán scoria cone (0.2-0.08 Ma) and older tephra deposits of the Coatepeque and Ilopango calderas exposed along marginal faults of the Central Graben. The San Salvador Formation occurs as tephra cover along the crest of the Cordillera del Bálsamo where it rests on laterites atop the Bálsamo Formation and in the Central Graben. Tephra units belong to the Coatepeque caldera (Arce and Congo), San Salvador volcano (Apopa, G1 and G2) and Ilopango caldera (Tierra Blanca 1-4) spanning 70-1 ka. Tephra units are separated by palaeosols and aeolian dusty deposits.Las amenazas naturales afectan al territorio de El Salvador en toda su extensión de manera constante. Se ha llevado a cabo un mapeo geológico en la parte Sur del Área Metropolitana de San Salvador (AMSS), asimismo se han evaluado las amenazas naturales potenciales que pueden afectar a la zona. El área de estudio se extiende sobre la Cordillera del Bálsa-mo, el sistema de fallas marginales y en la parte Sur del Graben Central entre los volcanes activos de San Salvador y la Caldera de Ilopango; representando un segmento del frente volcánico de Centro América. Las rocas volcánicas del Mioceno tardío hasta de edad reciente que pertenecen a las Formaciones Bálsamo, Cuscatlán y San Salvador conforman la geología del área. Los remanentes de dos extensos estratovolcanes basálticos-andesíticos hasta andesíticos, Panchimalco y Jayaque, representan la Formación Bálsamo. Estos presentan un buzamiento periclinal y zonas con facies que van desde flujos de lava y brechas epiclásticas volcánicas gruesas de ...
The existing procedures for the selection of runout model parameters from back-analyses do not allow integrating different types of runout criteria and generally lack a systematic approach. A new method based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and aimed at overcoming these limitations is herein proposed. The method consists of estimating discrete classifiers for every runout simulation associated with a set of model parameters. The set of parameters that yields the best prediction is selected using ROC metrics and space. The procedure is illustrated with the back-analyses of a rainfall-triggered debris flow that killed 300-500 people in the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador in 1982. The selected model parameters are used to estimate forward predictions for scenarios that correspond to different return periods. The proposed procedure may be useful in the assessment of areas potentially affected by landslides. In turn, this information can be used in the production or updating of land use plans and zonations, similar to that currently being carried out by the Office for Urban Planning of the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador in El Salvador.Keywords Runout model . El Salvador . Landslide . Hazard mapping . Volcanoes . Land-use management IntroductionThe estimation of landslide runout using numerical models is becoming increasingly popular as new models are developed and validated and become readily available in both research and practical applications. The estimation of model parameters can be made by performing laboratory or small-scale experiments in some instances, but there are several cases when the best predictions are achieved using models that cannot be physically reproduced in the laboratory. In such cases, the preferred approach is to perform a calibration of model parameters by carrying out back-analyses of well-documented landslide cases. This paper presents a review of the current procedures for the selection of runout model parameters, emphasising their limitations. A new procedure is proposed based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, and an illustration is presented by applying the method to a rainfall-triggered landslide that killed 300-500 people in the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador in 1982. The parameters calibrated from the back-analyses are used in forward predictions and to produce landslide intensity maps.
ABSTRACT:Currently the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador (AMSS) is experimenting serious problems of mass movements, erosion, collapse or settlements, phenomena that in El Salvador are popularly encompassed by the term "carcavas". This problematic is presented mainly in the volcanic tephras Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ), product of the last plinian eruption of Ilopango Caldera, whose products are an intercalation of pyroclastic fall, flows and surge. The tephras are unsaturated and the geotechnical information shows a decrease of shear strength and collapse when saturated. To characterize properly this material is important to know the relationship of moisture content with the volume changes and apparent cohesion, which are related to suction and cementation. The understanding of the behavior of the geological materials can help in running slope stability simulations and geotechnical design in general.
Se ha actualizado mediante trabajo de campo, pruebas de datación y revisión de bibliografía existente el mapa geológico del Área Metropolitana de San Salvador a una escala 1:50000. Esto ha permitido categorizar cuerpos y depósitos volcánicos acorde a avances recientes en litoestratigrafía y mapeo geológico. El mapa geológico sigue la litoestratigrafía básica de las formaciones de Bálsamo, Cuscatlán y San Salvador. Los miembros de la Formación Bálsamo (Mioceno Superior - Plioceno) representan los restos de volcanes extensos de composición andesítica/basáltica con flujos de lava y complejos epiclásticos de rocas volcánicas. La Formación Cuscatlán (Plioceno-Pleistoceno) comprende ignimbritas silícicas, tobas, así como rocas epiclásticas relacionadas, además de rocas efusivas andesíticas/basálticas contemporáneas. La Formación de San Salvador (Pleistoceno Superior- Holoceno) incluye productos recientes del estratovolcán San Salvador y de la caldera de Ilopango. La cartografía geológica ayuda a comprender las mejores condiciones para el cuido de los recursos naturales y la sostenibilidad.
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