The E. coli transcriptional regulatory network is shown to have a nonpyramidal architecture of independent modules governed by transcription factors, whose responses are integrated by intermodular genes.
AbstractBackground: Previous studies have used different methods in an effort to extract the modular organization of transcriptional regulatory networks. However, these approaches are not natural, as they try to cluster strongly connected genes into a module or locate known pleiotropic transcription factors in lower hierarchical layers. Here, we unravel the transcriptional regulatory network of Escherichia coli by separating it into its key elements, thus revealing its natural organization. We also present a mathematical criterion, based on the topological features of the transcriptional regulatory network, to classify the network elements into one of two possible classes: hierarchical or modular genes.
This short essay offers an overview of some crucial aspects of the history of science in Mexico: its pioneers, and their characteristic ways of historical writing on science since the end of the nineteenth century. From this point, we explore later forms of historiography that have shaped the development of history of science as a professionalized and institutionalized field of research in Mexico. The aim of this task is to highlight the variety of ways in which certain actors sought to understand, interpret and communicate the main concerns and developments of Mexican science at different historical moments, which paved the way for the shaping of the history of science as an academic discipline in this country.
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