Astigmatism affects approximately three quarters of the Chinese population aged 65 years and older in Taiwan. With increasing age, the prevalence of astigmatism increases, and refractive and corneal astigmatism shift toward ATR. Continuous corneal changes appear to be responsible for the age trend in refractive astigmatism. The severity of lens opacity plays only a minor role in the change of internal astigmatism.

INTRODUCTIONGallstone disease (GSD) is one of the most common diseases in developed countries. Recent studies indicate varying prevalence of GSD with several predisposing factors in different study populations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] . From a medical economic perspective, the direct and indirect costs of treating GSD patients were estimated at $16 billion and account for more than 800 000 hospitalizations yearly in the United States [9,10] . In Taiwan, the prevalence of GSD in the general population was 4.3% in 1989 [8] while another voluntary screening revealed that the prevalence of GSD was 10.7% among healthy subjects in 1995 [2] . For this reason, due to westernization of the diet and the environment, GSD is not rare in the Chinese population and has become one of the major health problems in Taiwan [7] . Without an appropriate and effective screening program for symptomatic GSD, the medical treatment of GSD and related complications contributes substantially to health care costs.From the viewpoint of preventive medicine, it is RAPID COMMUNICATION RESULTS:The overall prevalence of GSD among this study-population was 5.3%, including 1.7% (n = 40) having a single stone, 2.3% (n = 55) having multiple stones, and 1.3% (n = 31) having cholecystectomy. The prevalence revealed a statistically significant increase with increasing age (P < 0.0001). Females exhibited a greater prevalence of multiple stones than did males (3.0% vs 1.7%, P = 0.04). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, the following appeared to be significantly related to the prevalence of GSD: older

Purpose: Retinal ischemia-associated ocular disorders are vision threatening. This study examined whether the flavonoid baicalein is able to protect against retinal ischemia/reperfusion. Methods: Using rats, the intraocular pressure was raised to 120 mmHg for 60 min to induce retinal ischemia. In vitro, an ischemic-like insult, namely oxidative stress, was established by incubating dissociated retinal cells with 100 mM ascorbate and 5 mM FeSO 4 (iron) for 1 h. The rats or the dissociated cells had been pretreated with baicalein (in vivo: 0.05 or 0.5 nmol; in vitro: 100 mM), vehicle (1% ethanol), or trolox (in vivo: 5 nmol; in vitro: 100 mM or 1 mM). The effects of these treatments on the retina or the retinal cells were evaluated by electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TU-NEL) staining, Western blotting, or in vitro dichlorofluorescein assay. In addition, real-time-polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the retinal expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Results: The retinal changes after ischemia included a decrease in the electroretinogram b-wave amplitude, a loss of choline acetyltransferase immunolabeling amacrine cell bodies/neuronal processes, an increase in vimentin immunoreactivity, which is a marker for Mü ller cells, an increase in apoptotic cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer linked to a decrease in the Bcl-2 protein, and changes in the mRNA levels of HIF-1a, VEGF, MMP-9, and HO-1. Of clinical importance, the ischemic detrimental effects were concentration dependently and/or significantly (0.05 nmol and/or 0.5 nmol) altered when baicalein was applied 15 min before retinal ischemia. Most of all, 0.5 nmol baicalein significantly reduced the upregulation of MMP-9; in contrast, 5 nmol trolox only had a weak attenuating effect. In dissociated retinal cells subjected to ascorbate/iron, there was an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species, which had been significantly attenuated by 100 mM baicalein and trolox (100 mM or 1 mM; a stronger antioxidative effect at 1 mM). Conclusions: Baicalein would seem to protect against retinal ischemia via antioxidation, antiapoptosis, upregulation of HO-1, and downregulation of HIF-1a, VEGF, and MMP-9. The antioxidative effect of baicalein would appear to play a minor role in downregulation of MMP-9. IntroductionC entral retinal artery occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion, branch retinal vein occlusion, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are all associated with retinal ischemia.1-3 All these diseases may lead to severe sequelae and therefore the management of retinal ischemia is crucial. After ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R), large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced.1,2 These ROS attack nearby cells and

Human CMV (HCMV) is an important pathogen that causes widespread diseases in immunocompromised individuals. Among the opportunistic HCMV infections, HCMV retinitis is most common in transplant recipients and AIDS patients. It often leads to blindness if left untreated. The question as to how HCMV infection causes retinal pathogenesis remains unresolved. Here, we report that viral immediate-early gene product 2 (IE2), but not IE1, up-regulates the Fas ligand (FasL) expression in HCMV-infected human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Increased secretion of FasL from virally infected cells into cultured medium was observed upon HCMV infection. The capability of such cell-free medium to induce apoptosis of Fas (CD95)-expressing Jurkat cells further implies that Fas-FasL interaction might mediate cell death in the lesion of HCMV retinitis. To support this idea, we observed augmented soluble FasL levels in vitreous from AIDS patients with HCMV retinitis as compared with that from AIDS patients without HCMV infection. In addition, by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we detected enhanced signals of FasL, the existence of viral IE Ags and apoptotic cells at the same sites in the lesion of HCMV-infected retina. These results strongly suggest that IE2 induction of FasL expression in human retina might be an important event that takes place in the early stage of infection and finally leads to visual loss in individuals affiliated with HCMV retinitis.

BackgroundStudies on vitrectomy with and without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) have yielded uncertain results regarding clinical outcomes and recurrence rates.ObjectiveTo compare the clinical outcomes of vitrectomy with and without ILM peeling for idiopathic ERM.MethodsDatabases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CNKI databases, FDA.gov, and ClinicalTrials.gov, published until July 2016, were searched to identify studies comparing the clinical outcomes following vitrectomy with ERM and ILM peeling and with only ERM peeling, for treating idiopathic ERM. Studies with sufficient data were selected. Pooled results were expressed as mean differences (MDs) and risk ratios (RRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for vitrectomy with and without ILM peeling with regard to postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and ERM recurrence rate.ResultsEleven retrospective studies and one randomized controlled trial involving 756 eyes were identified. This demonstrated that the postoperative BCVA within 12 months was significantly better in the non-ILM peeling group (MD = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.08; P = 0.0460), but that the patients in the ILM peeling group had significantly better postoperative BCVA after 18 months (MD = −0.13, 95% CI: −0.23 to −0.04; P = 0.0049) than did those in the non-ILM peeling group. The non-ILM peeling group exhibited a higher reduction in postoperative CRT (MD = 51.55, 95% CI:−84.23 to −18.88; P = 0.0020) and a higher recurrence rate of ERM (RR = 0.34, 95% CI:0.16 to 0.72; P = 0.0048) than did the ILM peeling group. However, the improvement rates of BCVA (RR = 1.03, 95% CI:0.72 to 1.47; P = 0.8802) and postoperative CRTs (MD = 18.15, 95% CI:−2.29 to 38.60; P = 0.0818) were similar between the two groups.ConclusionsVitrectomy with ILM peeling results in better visual improvement in long-term follow-ups and lower ERM recurrence rates, and vitrectomy with only ERM peeling is more efficacious in reduction of CRT than is vitrectomy with ILM peeling.