Alkaline water electrolysis is a key technology for large-scale hydrogen production powered by renewable energy. As conventional electrolyzers are designed for operation at fixed process conditions, the implementation of fluctuating and highly intermittent renewable energy is challenging. This contribution shows the recent state of system descriptions for alkaline water electrolysis and renewable energies, such as solar and wind power. Each component of a hydrogen energy system needs to be optimized to increase the operation time and system efficiency. Only in this way can hydrogen produced by electrolysis processes be competitive with the conventional path based on fossil energy sources. Conventional alkaline water electrolyzers show a limited part-load range due to an increased gas impurity at low power availability. As explosive mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen must be prevented, a safety shutdown is performed when reaching specific gas contamination. Furthermore, the cell voltage should be optimized to maintain a high efficiency. While photovoltaic panels can be directly coupled to alkaline water electrolyzers, wind turbines require suitable converters with additional losses. By combining alkaline water electrolysis with hydrogen storage tanks and fuel cells, power grid stabilization can be performed. As a consequence, the conventional spinning reserve can be reduced, which additionally lowers the carbon dioxide emissions.

This study provides a direct comparison of hydrogen crossover in PEM (Nafion 117) and alkaline water electrolysis (Zirfon) at a temperature of 60 • C applying state-of-the-art separating unit materials. To this end, occurring crossover mechanisms are described first, before experimental data of the anodic hydrogen content are shown in dependence of current density, system pressure and process management strategy. The results suggest that permeation in PEM electrolyzers is mainly governed by diffusion due to a supersaturated concentration of dissolved hydrogen within the catalyst layer, showing a share of 98% of the total permeation flux at 1 A cm −2 and atmospheric pressure. Permeation in alkaline electrolyzers also exhibits a significant influence of supersaturation, but the overall crossover is mainly influenced by mixing the electrolyte cycles, which makes up a share of 90% at 0.7 A cm −2 and 1 bar. Generally it becomes evident that hydrogen permeation across the separating unit is more than one order of magnitude smaller in alkaline electrolysis, which is mainly a consequence of the significantly lower hydrogen solubility in concentrated KOH electrolyte. Finally, this study concludes with an assessment of the impact of separating unit thickness and provides mitigation strategies to reduce hydrogen crossover.

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The dynamic operation of a power-togas plant powered by wind energy is theoretically studied by coupling an empirical model of an alkaline water electrolyzer with a 1D heterogeneous model of a methanation reactor. H 2 produced by the electrolyzer follows the wind power profile, but operation in the part-load range can raise safety concerns. The dynamically generated methane quality comes close to the required value for injection into the gas grid, if the stoichiometric ratio is controlled. To satisfy the gas quality at all times, it is necessary to design a more tolerant reactor.

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Alkaline water electrolysis is a key technology for large-scale hydrogen production. In this process, safety and efficiency are among the most essential requirements. Hence, optimization strategies must consider both aspects. While experimental optimization studies are the most accurate solution, model-based approaches are more cost and time-efficient. However, validated process models are needed, which consider all important influences and effects of complete alkaline water electrolysis systems. This study presents a dynamic process model for a pressurized alkaline water electrolyzer, consisting of four submodels to describe the system behavior regarding gas contamination, electrolyte concentration, cell potential, and temperature. Experimental data from a lab-scale alkaline water electrolysis system was used to validate the model, which could then be used to analyze and optimize pressurized alkaline water electrolysis. While steady-state and dynamic solutions were analyzed for typical operating conditions to determine the influence of the process variables, a dynamic optimization study was carried out to optimize an electrolyte flow mode switching pattern. Moreover, the simulation results could help to understand the impact of each process variable and to develop intelligent concepts for process optimization.

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