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Recent work in the area of Tm 3+ and Ho 3+ -doped tellurite fibre and bulk glass lasers operating close to 2 μm is reviewed. Spectroscopic properties of these doped glasses are discussed as well as the relevant pump schemes and energy transfer processes involved. Results of continuous wave (CW) and Q-switched Tm 3+ and Ho 3+ -doped tellurite fibre lasers are then presented and discussed. Finally, the results of tellurite bulk glass laser experiments conducted to date are reported.dX: 6.65 ms X: −12.4 ms Ch1: 500 mV 2.5 msThe oscillation of the Q-switched pulse train for a 79 cm long Tm 3+ /Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ -codoped tellurite fibre

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This review focuses on the engineering of the structural, thermal, optical and spectroscopic properties of tellurium oxide (TeO 2 ) glasses for their applications in fibre optic and waveguide devices. Unlike silica optical fibres, tellurium oxide glass fibres and light waveguides support propagation of light beyond y2 mm, where silica fibres become opaque. Silica fibres also have limited solubility for rare earth oxides due to silica's structure, which is where tellurium oxide fibres and light waveguides can offer significant opportunities to engineer novel lasers and amplifiers for integrated optics. In this review, we compare the structural properties of TeO 2 based glasses, modified by incorporating alkali, alkaline earth, and other oxide compounds. Based on Raman, UV, visible and infrared spectroscopic data, the structural aspects of tellurite glasses are discussed. The effects of compositional modification on the thermal and viscous flow properties are also compared and related with the resistance against devitrification. The significance of glass to crystal phase transformation during cooling and heating is explained in the context of preform and fibre fabrication. The review also reports on the characterisation of OH 2 impurities in tellurite glasses. Recent developments in tellurite fibre lasers and femtosecond laser inscribed waveguide fabrication are discussed.

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In this paper, highly (up to 5.25 mol% Er 2 O 3) Er-doped phosphate bulk glasses were synthesized by conventional melt-quenching method and their physical, thermal and spectroscopic properties are reported. The influence of Er 3+ doping concentration on emission spectra and lifetimes was investigated in order to study the concentration quenching effect on luminescence performance and therefore to evaluate the most suitable rare earth content for developing compact fiber fibre laser and optical amplifier operating at 1.5 µm. A radiative lifetime and a quenching concentration equal to τ 0 = 7.05 ms and N 0 = 9.92 × 10 20 ions/cm 3 were respectively calculated by fitting the fluorescence lifetime experimental data with Auzel's limited diffusion model.