Management of turfgrass on football pitches without pesticides involves a considerable challenge for weed control. By improving conditions for grass growth by cultural practices, weeds may be repressed by stronger competition from the grass. A 3-year field trial on 37 football pitches investigated the effects of various cultural management practices on percentage grass, weed and bare ground, respectively. The trial included twelve different treatments, comprising different combinations of fertiliser level and cultural methods, including two types of spring-tine harrow, vertical cutting, over-seeding, and top-dressing. Some treatments resulted in significant differences in percentage grass and weed cover, but not in percentage bare ground. However, other factors, such as locality of the football pitch, zone on the pitch, month, year, playing frequency, cutting frequency and, particularly, ground cover at the beginning of the trial, also contributed considerably to the variation in ground cover, indicating that established weeds are difficult to eradicate.
Summary
In a double blind cross‐over study the effect of verapamil (Isoptin) 360 mg/d and propranolol 180 mg/d was evaluated in patients with stable angina of effort. The results of verapamil and propranolol treatment were compared to a single blind placebo period of 2 weeks.
Both verapamil and propranolol caused a significant reduction in nitroglycerin consumption, days with angina pectoris and in severe angina attacks as compared to placebo. A 50% reduction in angina pectoris attacks and/or nitroglycerin consumption compared to placebo was demonstrated in thirteen of eighteen patients during verapamil treatment (P < 0.01) and in seven of seventeen patients during propranolol treatment (P > 0.05). Of sixteen patients completing both treatment periods, ten were improved both on verapamil and propranolol, three on verapamil only, one on propranolol only, one was unchanged and one deteriorated on verapamil and propranolol. During exercise, maximum exercise capacity was increased during verapamil as compared to placebo (P < 0.01) and propranolol (P < 0.02). Maximum exercise capacity was not increased after propranolol as compared to placebo.
These findings, that verapamil is at least as effective as propranolol in the treatment of angina of effort, are in accordance with other reported series.
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