Immunodeficient mouse models with human skin xenografts have been developed in the past decades to study different conditions of the skin. Features such as follow-up period and size of the graft are of different relevance depending on the purpose of an investigation. The aim of this study is to analyze the different mouse models grafted with human skin. A systematic review of the literature was performed in line with the PRISMA statement using MEDLINE/PubMed databases from January 1970 to June 2020. Articles describing human skin grafted onto mice were included. Animal models other than mice, skin substitutes, bioengineered skin, postmortem or fetal skin, and duplicated studies were excluded<b>.</b> The mouse strain, origin of human skin, graft dimensions, follow-up of the skin graft, and goals of the study were analyzed. Ninety-one models were included in the final review. Five different applications were found: physiology of the skin (25 models, mean human skin graft size 1.43 cm<sup>2</sup> and follow-up 72.92 days), immunology and graft rejection (17 models, mean human skin graft size 1.34 cm<sup>2</sup> and follow-up 86 days), carcinogenesis (9 models, mean human skin graft size 1.98 cm<sup>2</sup> and follow-up 253 days), skin diseases (25 models, mean human skin graft size 1.55 cm<sup>2</sup> and follow-up 86.48 days), and would healing/scars (15 models, mean human skin graft size 2.54 cm<sup>2</sup> and follow-up 129 days). The follow-up period was longer in carcinogenesis models (253 ± 233.73 days), and the skin graft size was bigger in wound healing applications (2.54 ± 3.08 cm<sup>2</sup>). Depending on the research application, different models are suggested. Careful consideration regarding graft size, follow-up, immunosuppression, and costs should be analyzed and compared before choosing any of these mouse models. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of mouse models with human skin transplantation.
Introduction: Surgical practices constitute a common topic of complaint among medical students. The aim of this study is to analyze the type of surgical training that students receive in medical school and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: A survey based on the National Spanish Agency for the Quality of Evaluation and Accreditation (ANECA) guidelines was spread on social media between medical students and physicians waiting to start their residency. The time spent in surgical practices, the number of times that certain abilities were performed, and the desire of choosing a surgical specialty were analyzed. Results: 1053 surveys were analyzed. Significant differences between the number of months that students rotate and the number of procedures performed as they gained seniority were found. A weak positive correlation between the number of months rotating and the number of procedures performed was found. The desire of choosing a surgical specialty was not associated with the time spent in surgical practice. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has reduced the time spent in surgical practice and some of the surgical procedures performed. Conclusion: The amount of surgical procedures performed by students is below the requirements of ANECA guidelines. A different level of dexterity between 6th year students’ group affected by SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and physicians’ group should not be expected because of the low number of procedures performed by both groups. Students’ role in the operating room and the need for different systems of skills learning should be reconsidered.
En este artículo se periodiza la orientación estatal en el sector del autotransporte público colectivo de pasajeros de la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, desde la aparición del modo como opción de movilidad para los habitantes del área, hasta fines del año 2018. El foco de la investigación está puesto en las resultantes que las acciones estatales tuvieron sobre la configuración del mercado. Para la elaboración del estudio se procedió a la construcción de bases de datos sobre empresas y empresarios, se realizaron entrevistas a informantes clave y se consultaron diversas fuentes secundarias que incluyen datos estadísticos y estudios específicos sobre la temática. Entre las principales conclusiones se destaca el desarrollo de una densa red de cobertura, relativamente al margen de la intervención estatal y el hecho de que las principales políticas del sector han sido originadas en problemas ajenos a este. El incremento reciente de las capacidades estatales es una ventana de oportunidad abierta para revertir esta situación.
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