This paper analyses monetary policy in a stylized new-Keynesian model. A number of issues are focused upon: (i) optimal monetary policy under commitment or discretion vs. ad-hoc monetary policy based on simple rules, (ii) the effects of fiscal policies and foreign variables on monetary policy, (iii) the effects of fiscal deficit and interest rate smoothing objectives and the amount of forward-looking in the model. The model is estimated for the Euro-Area. Using simulations of the estimated model, it is analyzed how these aspects might affect monetary policy of the ECB and macro-economic fluctuations in the Euro-Area.
We analyze a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model which includes a negative externality that arises from fossil fuels burning. The carbon released to the atmosphere by electricity producers is the main driver of climate change. We adapt the optimal tax derived by Golosov et al. (2011)
How do manufacturing exports react to the real exchange rate and to foreign demand? We investigate this question with a Chilean panel data spanning from 2003Q1 to 2016Q4, using publicly available data. In the long term, we find that exports strongly co‐integrate with external demand, whereas not with the level of the real exchange rate. The short‐run elasticities of manufacturing exports differ in size: (a) the elasticity of foreign demand—approximated by trading partners' activity aggregates—ranges between 0.8 and 1.4; and (b) the elasticity with respect to the bilateral real exchange rate is comprehended in the interval [0.4–0.6]. Core estimated elasticities pass usual robustness checks. The fall in manufacturing exports' growth in 2014–16 is consistent with a persistent slowdown in foreign demand, which has been partially offset by an average depreciation of the bilateral real exchange rate (with respect to destination countries of these exports). The transience of the effect of the real exchange rate is coherent with its exhibited stationarity and also consistent with its role of shock absorber.
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