Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore potential reasons that might explain why locally owned tourism firms cheat the use of backward economic linkages that (when used) might otherwise maximize the economic benefits of the tourism industry for locals. Design/methodology/approach – For this exploratory qualitative case study research design, 25 face-to-face interviews were conducted with various tourism business owners and managers in Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Findings – The findings indicate that while the participants felt that tourism business' economies of scale could be improved if all locally owned businesses purchased within the tourism supply chain they themselves were purchasing outside of the supply chain. This behavior was characterized as a result of a non-cooperative market. Research limitations/implications – The major implication from the study is a trend that emerged from the data that seems to detect a tragedy of the commons scenario that is rooted in game theory. This scenario provides insight into a problem where tourism business owners and managers indicate an understanding of the value of using local network linkages, but instead cheat the system. A limitation of the study is that case studies may only be generalized to theoretical propositions and not to similar contextual situations. Originality/value – Mainstream tourism literature has provided quantitative assessments that determine the direct, indirect, induced, and multiplier effects of local links between industries, sectors, and different producers that are used in the tourism supply chain. Findings from these studies indicate that local areas economically benefit when these links are actively used. However, not extensively addressed is identification of why (when most individuals know they may all benefit from the use of said linkages) cheat the system.
Purpose – The aim of the current study is to use a city case study from Costa Rica to evaluate the Nash equilibrium point and Anna Karenina Principle in relation to community-based tourism (CBT), collaborative destination marketing (CDM) and strategic destination branding (SDB) – all of which require similar facilitators and suffer from similar inhibitors. Design/methodology/approach – The study combines a case study approach with in-depth interviewing of local business stakeholders as the aim is to reveal a specific event in a specific setting. Findings – In-depth interviews with local tourism product and service suppliers provided evidence that numerous deficiencies stem from the lack of collaborative destination marketing and branding in Costa Rica. This undermines the Nash equilibrium, namely successful CBT marketing and branding. Research limitations/implications – The results support the theory that the success (i.e. Nash equilibrium) or the failure situation (i.e. Anna Karenina Principle) in CBT – similar to CDM and SDB – depend on similar critical factors, including a shared vision, all-inclusive stakeholder involvement and participation; and cooperation and collaboration. Practical implications – Results indicated an urgent need for governments, donor organizations, universities and NGOs to partner to collectively develop campaigns and educational and training programs for human and social capital development. Originality/value – This study integrates sustainable tourism, tourism development, poverty alleviation, community-based tourism (CBT), collaborative destination marketing, strategic destination branding (SDB), Nash equilibrium and Anna Karenina Principle to explain the successful application of community-based tourism, which has not been previously reported.
Este artículo presenta los resultados del diagnóstico realizado a las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYMES) que se ubican en las comunidades de Paquera, Cóbano, Lepanto y Jicaral, ubicados en la península de Nicoya, en la parte que corresponde administrativamente al cantón Central de Puntarenas. El diagnóstico tiene como propósito identificar las fortalezas y debilidades de estas MIPYMES, que permitan plantear acciones para mejorar su competitividad dentro de las comunidades en que se ubican, aprovechando la oportunidad del desarrollo turístico que existe en esas zonas en los últimos años. El trabajo fue realizado por un equipo de investigadores de la Universidad de Costa Rica y de la Dirección Regional del Pacífico Central del Ministerio de Economía Industria y Comercio.
Este trabajo se basa en los datos obtenidos de una encuesta realizada en dos comunidades del cantón de Puntarenas, uno de los principales centros históricos del turismo en el país, las cuales presentan grandes diferencias en relación con su origen y la condición socioeconómica de sus pobladores: Juanito Mora, ubicada en el distrito de Barranca y el Barrio El Carmen, ubicada en el distrito central de Puntarenas y parte integral de lo que se conoce como el casco de la ciudad del mismo nombre. Los datos se recopilaron a partir del estudio realizado por el equipo del proyecto de investigación INTERSEDES denominado: "Centros Históricos del turismo: Puntarenas y Limón", que es desarrollado con investigadores
This work is based on data from the survey conducted in two communities from Puntarenas Central County, which is one of the main historical centers of tourism in the country. These communities present several differences from one another both social and economical, one is Juanito Mora, located in the district of Barranca and the other one is the central district of Puntarenas, which happens to
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