-American Foulbrood (AFB), caused by the spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae larvae, is the most serious disease of honeybees. Laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of essential oils from savory, thyme, lemon-grass, and oregano, and blends of lemon-grass + thyme; lemon-grass + thyme + oregano + basil, and lemon-grass + thyme + basil in preventing and controlling infections of AFB in Apis mellifera colonies. The principal components of the essential oils used were determined by gas chromatography. LD 50 values for acute oral toxicity of the oils on adult bees verified that the essences were non-toxic or slightly toxic. Results from field trials indicate that neither the essences nor the blends were effective in the elimination of AFB clinical symptoms at any dose formulation or method of administration tested, whereas tylosin was highly effective in eliminating AFB clinical symptoms.American foulbrood / Apis mellifera / Paenibacillus larvae larvae / essential oil / tylosin
Different essential oils were tested against the fungus Ascosphaera apis, the causal agent of Chalkbrood Disease of honey bees. Essential oils from lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loiseleur), coriander (Coriandrum satioum L.), laurel leaf (kurus nobilis L.), false camphor (Cinnammum glandulifera Nees), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), tagetes (Tagetes minuta L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) were assayed to prove their fungistatic activity at different concentrations: 700,800 and 900 p U . Strains of Ascosphaera apis were collected from apiaries of different places of Buenos Aires province (Argentina). At all concentrations tested, coriander oil was the most effective fungistatic control while basil and tagetes oils were effective only at 800 pLL/L. No differences in effectiveness of oils were observed against the different strains of Ascosphaera apis.
The volatile composition and the nutritional value of Polyporus tenuiculus grown on supplemented and nonsupplemented wheat straw and willow sawdust were determined. Thirty-nine volatile compounds were detected, including acids, esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, aldehydes and ketones. The main volatile compound in all samples was 1-octen-3-ol, with increasing levels in mushrooms cropped on supplemented substrate. In addition, several precursors of this alcohol were identified in lower percentages. Mushrooms grown on supplemented substrates showed lower fat (5.2-5.7%) and carbohydrate contents (48.2%) and higher protein content (22-22.5%). Fibre and ash contents showed some variations between types of substrates. Compared to other edible fungi, P. tenuiculus high fibre and protein contents point to this species as a healthy nutritional alternative of interest for the food industry. Moreover, the wide spectrum of volatile compounds of P. tenuiculus reveals great potential for biotechnological applications such as the production of ''non artificial'' mushroom flavour.
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