La nacionalización de la lucha contra el narcotráfico en Bolivia
ResumenEl estudio de las políticas en materia de control de drogas en Bolivia es un objeto de vital relevancia para entender la evolución política del país desde la vuelta de la democracia en 1982. La Ley 1008 de 1988 reforzó la militarización de la política criminal inspirado en la doctrina de la seguridad nacional y la amalgama entre cultivo, consumo y narcotráfico impuestos por las Convenciones de la ONU para el control de drogas. Los conflictos sociales y políticos que siguieron en defensa del cultivo de coca favorecieron la movilización de organizaciones campesinas que terminaron por llevar al poder al MAS en 2006. Este artículo analiza la construcción de una política anti-narcotráfico militarizada e impuesta desde el exterior y su posterior desmantelamiento en nombre de la soberanía nacional y la prevención del consumo a partir del análisis del derecho positivo, datos estadísticos, informes y prensa.
Palabras claveBolivia, drogas, narcotráfico, convenciones internacionales, política criminal.
AbstractThe study of drug policies in Bolivia is of vital importance to understand its political evolution since the return to democracy in 1982. The Law 1008 of 1988 reinforced the militarization of criminal policy inspired by doctrine of national security and the amalgam between cultivation, consumption and drug trafficking imposed by the UN international drug control conventions. The social and political conflicts that followed defending the cultivation of the coca leaf favored the mobilization of peasant organizations that eventually paved the path to power for MAS in 2006. This article analyzes the construction of a militarized anti-drug policy imposed from abroad and its posterior dismantling in the
The article analyzes the functioning of the biannual prison visits carried out by the Chilean Judicial Branch from a socio-legal perspective. It presents the results of an empirical study of a sample of 90 records of judicial visits to 32 prisons in the country over two years: 2010 and 2016. We compare the results obtained with data provided by studies conducted prior to the national implementation of the criminal procedure reform. The hypothesis of the article is that the criminal procedure reform has generated a change in the legal culture that could have changed the practice of these visits. However, this is not the case. The analysis reveals that despite social and legal changes, there is a lack of judicial interest in controlling legal compliance inside prisons. Judges only formally comply with an obligation imposed by law. Legal compliance inside prisons is left to the Executive. The report concludes that sixmonthly visits to prisons in a democratic state governed by the rule of law should be improved and complemented by a judicial body with responsibility for prison matters.
In the last decade, Bolivia, as with most countries in the region, has seen an unprecedented increase of its prison population. This is often explained as the consequence of a punitive populism sweeping Latin America. Our article investigates what triggered this punitive turn in Bolivia by identifying some of the factors that impact crime policy and growing prison populations since the election of president Evo Morales in 2006. We argue that a complex array of local and international factors and shifts in crime policy to harden approaches to domestic violence led to steep increases in remand populations. Combined with other inefficiencies in the criminal justice system, this led to sustained increases in the prison population throughout most of this period. This study is based on new and previously unstudied statistical data produced by the Bolivian institutions in charge of implementing crime policy.
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