This special issue of Research on Language and Social Interaction contains a collection of articles that take the relation of social interaction and morality as their topic. The authors who contributed to this special issue share the view that morality and interaction are deeply intertwined with each other, and in their empirical analysis of actual instances of "moral discourse" they elucidate the nature and dynamics of this interrelation. The articles pay close attention to the principles and forms through which moral issues are handled in social interaction, and they look in the opposite direction by topicalizing the moral implications and consequences of certain verbal activities. Whereas the first perspective takes morality as its starting point and asks how it is interactionally accomplished and shaped, the second perspective starts from interaction and pursues how moral concerns become relevant in and through the social organization of interaction.Jorg R. Bergmann and E' er Line11 gratefklly acknowledge the support of the Werner Reimers Stiftung in Bad Homburg, Germany, which in 1992 hosted a conference of the "Dynamics of Dialogue" study group on "Moralities of Dialogue," during which most of the articles that make up this special issue were presented.Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to Jorg MOWLITV, DISCOTjRSE: AN1 1 SOCIAL SCXENCERelating morality and discourse is in itself not a new approach; on the contrary, for centuries scholars of various academic origin have written about discourse mainly wit11 regardl to its moral aspects, In the classicaI rhetorics as well as in the numerous mnnrrds on courtly behavior and good co~ivezsation Ibat were writren and wideXy read in Europe from the 26th to the 18th centray fcf* Burke, L943), morality and discourse were I closely linked in a twofold manner: %1ajor parts of these treatises were made up of descriptions that tdd their readers how they should act and express themselves 3n order to gain their fellow citizens' respect and to establish an impeccable moral character At the same time these desciiptions were not coached as neutral informadon but were shaped in the mold f o m of examples, prescriptions; and warnings. The recommendations o,n proper topics of eon~sersas;iof~, f:I~e Insmction to "'avoid interruptions" and "speak: in turns," the warnings against monopolizing the conversation, and similar guidelines formulated the obligatory code of behavioral duties and good manners $21 a r k epoch or social group. 'lI11.1~ these treatises tII~emelves represent a genre of m o d communicatim;jhek authors were writing in moral ways about moral ways of talkiflg.With the devebpmei~t of modem coxlceptlons of science, the idea evolved h a t moral commitments fxtuali discourse could I x separated.This distinction was a necessary prerequisite of a11 modern social sciences and it opened up the possibility to study arorality and disctxirse isolated frbm each other and without taking a ~nora1 stance. Efforts to formulate program far a nonnonnative, scientif...

We address the problem of the quantitative description of X-ray powder pattern of turbostratically disordered layer compounds. The Debye formula is used, which allows the aperiodic description of any arrangement of atoms. With the extension of Yang and Frindt (1996) for the ideal turbostratic case, these calculations are used to generate reference data that are subsequently treated by the Rietveld method. We are able to show that the case of uncorrelated turbostratic disorder can be modelled equally well in a periodic supercell approach with a single layer in the supercell that is suitable for the Rietveld technique. A brief introduction of this new model was given as an oral contribution at EUROCLAY 2003 (Ufer et al., 2003). The fundamental principles are described in this article because of its complexity. The applicability of this approach to real systems is demonstrated for smectite and corundum mixtures.

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Recently released powder indexing programs are reviewed and placed in competition with the established programs (ITO, TREOR, DICVOL, etc.) through a series of problems selected among previously unindexed ICDD entries designated as “high quality”. Benchmarks are provided for testing indexing programs, based on the bethanechol chloride powder diffraction data. Applying these benchmarks leads to a classification (with respect to this specific example) of indexing programs as they face progressively more difficult situations. High data quality and the user experience to obtain it are concluded to remain the best way to indexing success, given that nearly all programs produce excellent results with excellent data. Lack of attention to data quality, even if followed by use of the most efficient programs, will usually lead to failure. It is demonstrated how not restricting oneself to a single indexing program can considerably increase the chances of success.