Inhibition (i.e. the ability to restrain ineffective responses to a given stimulus) is a good indicator of complex cognitive abilities in animals. Inhibition has been demonstrated in a broad range of mammals with foraging style and social group size identified as potential influences of this ability. Whether these ecological factors also apply to birds has not been well studied. Corvids, a family of birds well known for being able to accomplish difficult cognitive tasks often requiring inhibition, are a good model for studying inhibitory control. During this study, we measured the ability of Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), a relatively non-social, food specialist corvid to exercise inhibitory control during a detour-reaching test. Individuals had to retrieve a pine nut inserted into a transparent tube through one of the side openings without pecking directly at the nut from the front of the tube. Overall, nutcrackers were able to inhibit pecking directly at the food (i.e. prepotent response), instead detouring to the side to retrieve the reward. However, the nutcrackers first required a learning period before showing inhibitory control. The nutcrackers' ability to inhibit was lower than other corvids studied to date, and we discuss the implications of this result for the role of sociality and dietary breadth for the evolution of inhibitory control.

This paper discusses and explains a new penal phenomenon in the main Anglophone societies -the rise of the security sanction. Rather than reacting to crime, its purpose is to protect public safety by reducing the risk of future crime. It can be applied to both the most serious offenders and those who have not committed any crime. It can involve extended/prolonged terms of imprisonment and it can involve extensive restrictions on movement in public space. Its emergence can be explained by the post-1980s political, economic and social restructuring of these societies and the attendant uncaging of risk.

Point-of-care US training complements standard undergraduate classroom teaching of urology. Students effectively learned the skills to apply point-of-care US in their assessment of patients, and this process did not interfere with achieving the course objectives.

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Throughout the Anglophone advanced liberal democracies, punishment is increasingly creeping past the limits of traditional finite sentences and moving beyond the walls of the prison. “Regulatory” mechanisms enforcing limitations on releasees’ use of space beyond the prison walls have increased, and net widening due to technological advancement has resulted in sentenced individuals being punished within the community. At the same time, increasing numbers of released individuals are unable to be reintegrated into the community due to long-term regulatory limitations on their movement in both public and private space. Elements of the architecture of punishment continue to be reshaped and expanded by postsentence regulation, and this article explores the particular experience of released sex offenders being regulated within the community in two examples of “sex offender enclaves.” Drawing upon the experience of the community of Miracle Village (Florida, United States), as well as qualitative interviews conducted in the community of Ōtāhuhu (Auckland, New Zealand), this article begins to map the spread of the correctional apparatus beyond the prison walls and examines the way that risks are concentrated and delegated to certain communities, while the state simultaneously attempts to purge those thought to constitute the gravest risks from other communities.