This article discusses the treatment of enslaved Africans by the Dutch during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Treatment is interpreted in two ways – morally and medically. Moral treatment is primarily defined by the Dutch Reformed Church and its religious dogmata. Despite the importance of this church in the provision of pastors and comforters of the sick ( ziekentroosters), information about its role in providing a religious, moral compass to its members regarding slavery and slave trade is scattered. Medical treatment – both preventive and curative in nature – is discussed as well. The slaves were subjected to abominable living conditions prior to their departure. Although it seems fair to state that these conditions did not improve while sailing westward, for various reasons preventive and curative medical measures were taken by ships' surgeons – and to a lesser extent by comforters of the sick.
Civil War Navies. Both have the added advantage of appearing in a comfortable nine by eleven inch format as opposed to the ten by ten of the Warships ofthe Civil War Navies.
Throughout history, Dutch maritime endeavours have been sparked by political, economic, military and sociocultural factors. This article focuses on the relationship between religion and maritime entrepreneurship in the Dutch Republic during the Early Modern period, at sea and in overseas territories. For almost two centuries, the deputies of a number of classis assemblies (departments) of the Dutch Reformed Church corresponded with representatives of the Dutch East and West India Companies and with merchant associations trading with Russia, the Baltic, and the Eastern Mediterranean, but also with the board members of the five admiralties in the Netherlands. This article is about the performance of the deputies within the framework of their global maritime and Dutch Reformed network; the construction of this network within the maritime communities in the Republic and abroad; and about the results of the deputies' involvement.
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