Private schooling-often postulated to improve school quality-may also prove to be a means to leverage public funds in order to provide access to schooling at rates faster than possible with public funds alone. This study measures the success of such an effort to stimulate girls' schooling through the creation of private girls' schools in poor urban neighborhoods of Quetta, Pakistan. The impact evaluation, which employs on an experimental design, indicates that the program increased girls' enrollments by an average of 33 percentage points. At the same time, boys' enrollments rose an average of 27.5 percentage points, partly because boys were also allowed to attend the new schools, and partly because parents would not send their girls to school and not also educate their boys. While the success of the program varied from one neighborhood to another, success was not clearly related to the relative wealth of a neighborhood or to parents' education levels. Thus, the program offers tremendous promise for increasing enrollment rates in other poor urban areas.
This study employs the matching method, the fixed effects model and the instrumental variable (IV) approach to estimate the employment effect of training programmes on displaced workers in Korea. The results of the matching and logit analyses suggest a positive training effect on employment. However, the fixed effects model showed a substantial reduction in the estimated training effect and the IV approach showed no training effect. This provides clear evidence of positive selection into training. The results of the IV approach suggest that training favoured male and educated workers, whereas female, less educated and older workers were disadvantaged by training programmes.
Purpose: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is now a standard operation for benign gallbladder (GB) disease. However, previous upper abdominal surgery (UAS) has been regarded as a relative contraindication for LC. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of history of upper abdominal surgery including gastrectomy on the operative and postoperative results of LC.
Methods:A total of 769 patients underwent LC between March 2008 and December 2015, and the surgical outcomes of 45 patients who had a history of UAS were retrospectively compared with those who did not. Twenty of 45 patients with a history of UAS received gastrectomy, and the remaining 25 received non-gastrectomy UAS. The degree of adhesion and clinical outcomes were further compared between these two groups.
Results:The patients with a history of UAS required placement of a greater number of trocars, longer operation time, longer duration of drainage insertion, and higher open conversion rate (4.4%) compared to patients with no history of UAS. However, there were no significant differences in postoperative hospital stay or complication rate between the two groups. In the UAS group, 93.3% of patients required adhesiolysis. There were no significant differences in clinical findings or perioperative outcomes between gastrectomy group and non-gastrectomy group.
Conclusion: A history of UAS including gastrectomy increases the technical difficulty of LC as wellas open conversion rate. However, LC can be a feasible and safe approach when performed with adequate methods.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.