The Click modular router has been one of the most popular software router platforms for rapid prototyping and new protocol development. Unfortunately, its internal architecture has not caught up with recent hardware advancements, and the performance remains sub-optimal in high-speed networks despite its benefit of flexible module composition.In this work, we identify the performance bottlenecks of the existing Click router and extend it to scale with modern computer systems. Our improvements focus on both I/O and computation batching, and include various optimizations for multi-core systems and multi-queue network cards. We find that these techniques improve the performance by almost a factor of 10, and the maximum throughput reaches 28 Gbps of minimum-sized IPv4 packet forwarding speed on a single machine.
Korea has undergone a dramatic transformation in recent years. In an effort to revamp Korean corporations, the Korean government made sweeping reforms to Korea's Commercial Code (sang-bup) three times in the past four yearsin 1995, 1998, and 1999.' These newly amended provisions have
The dynamic state of corporate governance in an emerging market is discussed through an in-depth case study of Korea's Samsung Electronics Corporation (SEC). This paper covers the influence upon SEC's corporate governance of recent regulatory changes and the efforts of the People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy's (PSPD), a young but influential minority shareholder activist group. It will show that corporate leaders from Korea are slowly gaining an understanding of the importance of corporate governance, but that for a variety of reasons they still remain reluctant participants, unable and unwilling to change effectively. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002.
We present the NBA framework, which extends the architecture of the Click modular router to exploit modern hardware, adapts to different hardware configurations, and reaches close to their maximum performance without manual optimization. NBA takes advantages of existing performance-excavating solutions such as batch processing, NUMA-aware memory management, and receiveside scaling with multi-queue network cards. Its abstraction resembles Click but also hides the details of architecturespecific optimization, batch processing that handles the path diversity of individual packets, CPU/GPU load balancing, and complex hardware resource mappings due to multi-core CPUs and multi-queue network cards. We have implemented four sample applications: an IPv4 and an IPv6 router, an IPsec encryption gateway, and an intrusion detection system (IDS) with Aho-Corasik and regular expression matching. The IPv4/IPv6 router performance reaches the line rate on a commodity 80 Gbps machine, and the performances of the IPsec gateway and the IDS reaches above 30 Gbps. We also show that our adaptive CPU/GPU load balancer reaches near-optimal throughput in various combinations of sample applications and traffic conditions.
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