IFAB-ulous trifluoromethylation: (CX3COO)2I(III) h (X=F, H) and (CH3COO)3I(V)(C6H4COO) are introduced as CX3·/CX3I precursors for metal-free, visible-light, radical (trifluoro)(iodo)methylations of alkenes, illustrated by their use as photoinitiators for the controlled radical polymerization of vinylidene fluoride with external (I(CF2)6I) and in situ generated (CF3I) iodine chain transfer agents, and for block copolymer synthesis.

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated using a novel fi lm deposition method, the electrostatic spray (e-spray) technique. Stable atomization and uniform deposition of the polymer blend by e-spray are achieved by manipulating the solution concentration, the solvent composition, and the electric fi eld. The performance of PSCs is primarily infl uenced by the inherent fi lm morphology of the e-sprayed polymer-blend active layers, which is significantly different from that of the conventional fi lms that are formed using the spin-coating (SC) method. The intrinsically formed interfacial boundaries between the e-sprayed blend pancakes resist charge transport, which unfavorably infl uences device effi ciency. The internal series resistance ( R S ) of the PSCs that are formed using the e-spray method (e-spray-PSC) is signifi cantly reduced by a solvent vapor soaking (SVS) treatment in addition to the conventional thermodynamic nanomorphology controls. The detailed relationship between the morphologies (fi lm morphology and internal nanomorphology) and the R S is revealed using impedance spectroscopy. The performance of the e-spray-PSCs is comparable to those of the PSCs that are fabricated using the SC method under identical conditions. Therefore, the e-spray method can be used to fabricate ultralow-cost PSCs, because of the performance results combined with the intrinsic advantages that the e-spray method is simple and has a low materials loss.

The metal and ligand effect of a series of transition metal carbonyls in conjunction with alkyl and perfluoroalkyl halides was investigated in the initiation and control of the visible light, radical photopolymerizations of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and respectively, in the synthesis of PVDF block copolymers. No polymerization was observed for CpMn­(CO)3, CpCo­(CO)2, Cp2Fe2(CO)4, Cp*2Cr2(CO)4, Mo­(CO)6, Fe­(CO)5, Cr­(CO)6, Co2(CO)8, Co4(CO)12, Fe3(CO)12, Ru3(CO)12, (PPh3)2Ni­(CO)2, Cp2Ti­(CO)2, and Au­(CO)­Cl. A free radical polymerization, and respectively an iodine degenerative transfer, controlled radical polymerization was obtained for Mn2(CO)10 ∼ Re2(CO)10 ≫ Cp2Mo2(CO)6 ≫ Cp2W2(CO)6 with CH3(CH2)5–Br, CH3(CH2)5–I, CH3–I, CCl3–Cl, CCl3–Br, Br–(CF2)6–Br, and respectively with CF3(CF2)3–I and I–(CF2)4,6–I. Furthermore, while Fe­(CO)5, Cp*Cr2(CO)4 and Co4(CO)12 led to ∼ CF2–I bond insertion, Re2(CO)10, Mn2(CO)10, Cp2W2(CO)6, Cp2Mo2(CO)6 and Cp2Fe2(CO)4 provided quantitative radical activation of both PVDF–CH2–CF2–I and PVDF–CF2–CH2–I chain ends, and were employed in the synthesis of well-defined ABA triblock PVDF copolymers with vinyl acetate, tert-butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, isoprene, styrene, and acrylonitrile.

This study shows that dysphagia is closely related to gross motor function in children with CP. Silent aspiration was observed in the moderate to severe CP groups. Aspiration is an important cause of medical problems such as acute and chronic lung disease, and associated respiratory complications contribute significantly in increasing morbidity and mortality in these patient groups. Therefore, the authors suggest that early dysphagia evaluation including videofluoroscopic swallow study is necessary in managing feeding problems and may prevent chronic aspiration, malnutrition, and infections.