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This paper introduces Rapid Appraisal of Agricultural Innovation Systems (RAAIS). RAAIS is a diagnostic tool that can guide the analysis of complex agricultural problems and innovation capacity of the agricultural system in which the complex agricultural problem is embedded. RAAIS focuses on the integrated analysis of different dimensions of problems (e.g. biophysical, technological, socio-cultural, economic, institutional and political), interactions across different levels (e.g. national, regional, local), and the constraints and interests of different stakeholder groups (farmers, government, researchers, etc.). Innovation capacity in the agricultural system is studied by analysing (1) constraints within the institutional, sectoral and technological subsystems of the agricultural system, and (2) the existence and performance of the agricultural innovation support system. RAAIS combines multiple qualitative and quantitative methods, and insider (stakeholders) and outsider (researchers) analyses which allow for critical triangulation and validation of the gathered data. Such an analysis can provide specific entry points for innovations to address the complex agricultural problem under study, and generic entry points for innovation related to strengthening the innovation capacity of agricultural system and the functioning of the agricultural innovation support system. The application of RAAIS to analyse parasitic weed problems in the rice sector, conducted in Tanzania and Benin, demonstrates the potential of the diagnostic tool and provides recommendations for its further development and use.

Breeding for high yielding Sorghum bicolor varieties with effective resistance and tolerance against the hemi-parasitic weed Striga hermonthica requires suitable selection measures for both characteristics. The objective of this research was to constitute a set of practical selection measures that contain independent, reliable and discriminative criteria for resistance and tolerance. Ten sorghum genotypes were grown in the field with and without Striga infestation in a split-plot design in 3 successive years (2001-2003) using different Striga infestation levels (low, high and intermediate). Resistance against Striga in the below-ground stages was determined separately in an agar-gel assay and a pot trial. The addition of Striga-free control plots facilitated the calculation of the relative yield loss, which represents the result of resistance and tolerance combined. Correlation analysis indirectly demonstrated that both resistance and tolerance are important yield determining traits under Striga infestation. Tolerance was relatively more important under low Striga infestation levels, whereas resistance was relatively more important at high infestation levels. With respect to resistance, both the area under the Striga number progress curve (ASNPC) and maximum above-ground Striga number (NS max) turned out to be discriminative and consistent selection measures. Both measures also corresponded well with the expression of resistance during below-ground stages of the parasite. It proved more difficult to arrive at a satisfactory measure for tolerance. Inclusion of Striga-free plots is an essential step for the determination of tolerance, but in itself not sufficient. It provides a basis for the determination of the relative yield loss, which then needs to be corrected for differences in infection level resulting from genotypic differences in resistance. A linear correction for infection level disregards the density dependency of the relative yield loss function. It is expected that clarification of the relation between Striga infection level and yield loss, provides a solid basis for the development of unambiguous tolerance measures in the field. This will enable the breeder to select for resistance and tolerance separately, which is likely to result in the optimum combination of both defence mechanisms.

Summary• Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica are root parasitic weeds that infect the major cereal crops of sub-Saharan Africa causing severe losses in yield. The interspecific upland NEw RICe for Africa (NERICA) cultivars are popular amongst subsistence farmers, but little is known about their post-attachment resistance against Striga.• Here, we evaluate the post-attachment resistance levels of the NERICA cultivars and their parents against ecotypes of S. hermonthica and S. asiatica, characterize the phenotype of the resistance mechanisms and determine the effect of Striga on host biomass.• Some NERICA cultivars showed good broad-spectrum resistance against several Striga ecotypes, whereas others showed intermediate resistance or were very susceptible. The phenotype of a resistant interaction was often characterized by an inability of the parasite to penetrate the endodermis. Moreover, some parasites formed only a few connections to the host xylem, grew slowly and remained small.• The most resistant NERICA cultivars were least damaged by Striga, although even a small number of parasites caused a reduction in above-ground host biomass. The elucidation of the molecular genetic basis of the resistance mechanisms and tolerance would allow the development of cultivars with multiple, durable resistance for use in farmers' fields.

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Summary• Striga hermonthica (Striga) is an obligate hemiparasitic weed, causing severe yield losses in cereals, including rice, throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Striga germination depends on strigolactones (germination stimulants) exuded by the host roots. The interspecific New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars offer a potentially interesting gene pool for a screen for low germination-inducing rice cultivars.• Exudates were collected from all NERICA cultivars and their parents (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) for the analysis of strigolactones. In vitro and in situ Striga germination, attachment and emergence rates were recorded for each cultivar.• NERICA 1 and CG14 produced significantly less strigolactones and showed less Striga infection than the other cultivars. NERICAs 7, 8, 11 and 14 produced the largest amounts of strigolactones and showed the most severe Striga infection. Across all the cultivars and parents, there was a positive relationship between the amount of strigolactones in the exudate and Striga germination, attachment and emergence rates.• This study shows that there is genetic variation in Striga pre-attachment resistance in NERICA rice. Cultivars combining this pre-attachment resistance with postattachment resistance (already identified) can provide a key component for durable integrated management of this noxious weed in cereal production systems in sub-Saharan Africa.

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