A theoretical and experimental approach was used to investigate the motion and effectiveness of a Self-Compensating Dynamic Balancer (SCDB). This is a device intended to minimize the effects of rotor imbalance and vibratory forces on a rotating system during normal operation. The basic concept of an automatic dynamic balancer has been described in many U.S. patents. The SCDB is composed of a circular disk with a groove containing massive balls and a low viscosity damping fluid. The objective of this research is to determine the motion of the balls and how this ball motion is related to the vibration of the rotating system using both theoretical and experimental methods. The equations of motion the balls were derived by the Lagrangian method. Static and dynamic solutions were derived from the analytic model. To consider dynamic stability of the motion, perturbation equations were investigated by two different methods: Floquet theory and direct computer simulation. On the basis of the results of the stability investigation, ball positions which result in a balance system are stable above the critical speed and unstable at critical speed and below critical speed. To determine the actual critical speed of the rotating system used in the experimental work, a modal analysis was conducted. Experimental results confirm the predicted ball positions. Based on the theoretical and experimental results, when the system operates below and near the first critical speed, the balls do not balance the system. However, when the system operates above the first critical speed the balls can balance the system.
24Autophagy has been implicated in innate immune responses against various intracellular 25 pathogens. Recent studies have reported that autophagy can be triggered by pathogen 26 recognizing sensors, including Toll-like receptors and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-27 adenosine monophosphate synthase, to participate in innate immunity. In the present study, 28 we examined whether the RIG-I signaling pathway, which detects viral infections by 29 recognizing viral RNA, triggers the autophagic process. The introduction of polyI:C into the 30 cytoplasm, or Sendai virus infection, significantly induced autophagy in normal cells but not 31 in RIG-I-deficient cells. PolyI:C transfection or Sendai virus infection induced autophagy in 32 the cells lacking type-I interferon signaling. This demonstrated that the effect was not due to 33 interferon signaling. RIG-I-mediated autophagy diminished by the deficiency of 34 mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) or tumor necrosis factor receptor-35 associated factor (TRAF)6, showing that the RIG-I-MAVS-TRAF6 signaling axis was 36critical for RIG-I-mediated autophagy. We also found that Beclin-1 was translocated to the 37 mitochondria, and it interacted with TRAF6 upon RIG-I activation. Furthermore, Beclin-1 38 underwent K63-polyubiquitination upon RIG-I activation, and the ubiquitination decreased 39 in TRAF6-deficient cells. This suggests that the RIG-I-MAVS-TRAF6 axis induced K63-40 linked polyubiquitination of Beclin-1, which has been implicated in triggering autophagy. 41Collectively, the results of this study show that the recognition of viral infection by RIG-I is 42 capable of inducing autophagy to control viral replication. As deficient autophagy increases 43 3 the type-I interferon response, the induction of autophagy by the RIG-I pathway might also 44 contribute to preventing an excessive interferon response as a negative-feedback mechanism. 45 46 Importance 47 Mammalian cells utilize various innate immune sensors to detect pathogens. Among those 48 sensors, RIG-I recognizes viral RNA to detect intracellular viral replication. Although cells 49 experience diverse physiological changes upon viral infection, studies to understand the role 50 of RIG-I signaling have focused on the induction of type-I interferon. Autophagy is a process 51that sequesters cytosolic regions and degrades the contents to maintain cellular homeostasis. 52Autophagy participates in the immune system, and has been known to be triggered by some 53 innate immune sensors, such as TLR4 and cGAS. We demonstrated that autophagy can be 54 triggered by the activation of RIG-I. In addition, we also proved that MAVS-TRAF6 55 downstream signaling is crucial for the process. Beclin-1, a key molecule in autophagy, is 56 translocated to mitochondria, where it undergoes K63-ubiquitination in a TRAF6-dependent 57 manner upon RIG-I activation. As autophagy negatively regulates RIG-I-mediated signaling, 58 the RIG-I-mediated activation of autophagy may function as a negative-feedback mechanism. 59 60 Intro...
For the purpose of stably supplying electric power to the underwater wireless sensor, the energy harvesting technology in which a voltage is obtained by generating displacement in a piezoelectric material using flow-induced vibration is one of the most attractive research fields. The funnel type energy harvester (FTEH) with PVDF proposed in this study is an energy harvester in which the inlet has a larger cross-sectional area than the outlet and a spiral structure is inserted to generate a vortex flow at the inlet. Based on numerical analysis, when PVDF with L = 100 mm and t = 1 mm was used, the electric power of 39 μW was generated at flow velocity of 0.25 m/s. In experiment the average RMS voltage of FTEH increased by 0.0209 V when the flow velocity increased by 1 m/s. When measured at 0.25 m/s flow velocity for 25 s, it was shown that voltage doubler rectifier (VDR) generated a voltage of 133.4 mV, 2.25 times larger than that of full bridge rectifier (FBR), and the energy charged in the capacitor was 44.3 nJ, 14% higher in VDR than that of the FBR. In addition, the VDR can deliver power of 17.75 μW for 1 k load. It is shown that if the voltage generated by the FTEH using the flow velocity is stored using the VDR electric circuit, it will greatly contribute to the stable power supply of the underwater wireless sensor.
The locomotion of a quadrupedal walking machine in an obstacle-strewn environment is studied. The path planning of the walking machine body includes the following two features: first, the path is generated based on the Bezier curve so that its shape can be easily adjusted to avoid obstacles; second, the velocity and acceleration are assigned independently from the path generation so that the inertial terms are controllable. After the path has been generated, a gait algorithm that enables the walking machine to follow the path and maintain stability is developed. Two special cases-straight-line crab walking and turning about a fixed axis-are studied first. The general case that the walking machine is following an arbitrary curve is then studied. During walking, if the crab angle exceeds a certain limit, the gait needs to be changed in order to maintain stability. The methods for changing the gaits are discussed. Journal of RoboticSystems-I 991 P!"(j = 0 -3) are the two end points and two control points in segment i. Figure 2, the continuity conditions for position, tangent, and curvature at both ends to neighboring segments are given as follows: J 806 Journal of Robotic Systems-1 991 Referring to
If the images present a bulky, symmetric nasopharyngeal mass with marked homogeneity, a high degree of enhancement, and a higher Waldeyer ring involvement combined with no invasion into the deep structure, PNL should be considered over NPC.
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