[1] Although land-water carbon (C) transport represents a critical link in the global C cycle, rare attempts have been made to compare hydrologic controls over storm pulses of dissolved organic C (DOC) and particulate organic C (POC) in mountainous watersheds. An immersible UV/Vis spectrophotometer was used to comparatively investigate the rapid storm responses of stream water DOC and POC in a small mountainous forested watershed in South Korea. High-frequency measurements at 5-min intervals during 42 hydrologic events, including monsoon storms and winter snowmelts, showed consistent patterns: POC concentrations were lower than DOC concentrations during base flow and small storm events but exceeded them during the peak flow periods of intense storm events. Although both the DOC and POC concentrations had hysteretic relationships with discharge, the POC concentrations showed larger increases and variations after crossing a threshold discharge on the rising limb of the storm hydrograph. Stronger responses to intense storms resulted in a disproportionately large export of POC at high flow, whereas a large portion of the total DOC flux was exported under prevailing low-flow conditions. The results demonstrate the potential of in situ optical measurements for investigating fine-resolution dynamics of the DOC and POC export during storm events. Stronger storm responses of the POC export compared to the limited response range of the DOC export suggest that erosion-induced POC export will become more important as a major pathway for the hydrologic soil C loss from mountainous watersheds in response to an increasing occurrence of extreme storm events.

The purpose of this study was to report the effect of a combination of Sa-am five-element acupuncture and eight-principle pharmacopuncture (EPP) for the treatment of an essential tremor (ET). This study reviewed the medical records treated at OO Korean medical hospital for ET by using diverse types of acupuncture without herbal medicine, other types of physical therapy, and western medication related ET or Parkinson’s disease and was performed after the approval of the institutional review board (IRB). The three cases that were finally selected were then extracted and reviewed. The three cases that were finally selected involved three women in their 70s to 80s. The evaluation of the progress was made by using the numeric rating scale. A combined treatment, the method of liver excess (肝乘格), from amongSa-am five-element acupuncture, and Hwangyeonhaedoktang ePP at CV23 and CV17, was applied to all cases. In all three cases, the ET was improved, and recurred ETs improved with the same treatment. The results suggest that the combined treatment of Sa-am five-element acupuncture and Hwangyeonhaedoktang ePP may be effective for treating an ET, even though this conclusion is based on only three cases.

Objectives:The purpose of the study is to assess both the approximate lethal dose and the single dose intramuscular injection toxicity of Danggui (Angelica gigantis radix) pharmacopuncture (DGP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.Methods:The experiments were conducted at the good laboratory practice (GLP) laboratory, Biotoxtech Co., which is a laboratory approved by the ministry of food and drug safety (MFDS). The study was performed according to the GLP regulation and the toxicity test guidelines of the MFDS (2009) after approval of the institutional animal care and use committee of Biotoxtech. Single doses of DGP were injected intramuscularly into the rats in three test groups of 6 week old SD rats (5 male and 5 female rats per groups) in the amounts of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mL/animal for groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and normal saline solution in the amount of 1.0 mL/animal was injected intramuscularly into the rats (5 male and 5 female rats) in the control group. Observations of the general symptoms and weight measurements were performed during the 14 day observation period after the injection. Hematologic and serum biochemical examination, necropsy, and a local tolerance test at the injection site were done after the observation period.Results:No death was observed in three test groups (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL/animal group). In addition, the injection of DGP had no effect on general symptoms, weights, hematologic and serum biochemical examination, and necropsy. The results from the local tolerance tests at injection site showed no treatment related effects in the SD rats.Conclusion:The results of single dose intramuscular injection of DGP suggest that the approximate lethal dose is above 1.0 mL/animal for both male and female SD rats and that intramuscular injection of DGP may be safe.

Understanding the meaning of an emergency exit sign is essential for escaping from a building during a disaster. According to International Organization for Standardization 7010:2011, there are leftward and rightward running-man exit signs indicating the location of an exit door. However, there is neither an application rule regarding which direction the sign should point nor a rule for where it should be attached in the horizontal dimension. We examined the effect of the heading direction of the running man and its horizontal locations on the selection of exit directions. A modified spatial Stroop task as an unforced-choice task was designed by combining the running man's heading direction and its horizontal location. The results showed both facilitation and inhibition effects, conflict adaptation, and post-error slowing reflecting top-down control. These findings suggest that the heading direction of the running-man exit sign includes evident directionality. This should be considered in designing and establishing standardized emergency exit signs.

Objective Sjogren's Syndrome is a chronic inflamatory disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of lacrimal and salivary gland. It may be associated with renal disease such as tubulonephritis or glomerulonephritis. Proteinuria is a kidney disorder resulting in an abnormally high amount of protein in the urine. When the glomeruli are damaged, proteins of various sizes pass through them and are excreted in the urine. This report is a case of proteinuria with Sjogren's Syndrome. Methods The patient was diagnosed as kidney yang deficiency syndrome and treated with Woogyu-eum, Sa-am acupuncture therapy and bee venom acupuncture therapy. Visual Analog Scale was used to estimate the clinical symptoms. Results Clinical symptoms and proteinuria were improved without steroid therapy. Conclusion Therefore, we concluded that oriental medical therapy may be useful to treat proteinuria with Sjogren's Syndrome.