In this small patient sample, relative amino acid transport compared with renal cortex is elevated in renal papillary cell carcinoma but not in clear cell carcinoma.
Purpose
We prospectively evaluated the amino acid analogue positron emission tomography radiotracer anti-3-[18F]FACBC compared to ProstaScint® (111In-capromab pendetide) single photon emission computerized tomography-computerized tomography to detect recurrent prostate carcinoma.
Materials and Methods
A total of 93 patients met study inclusion criteria who underwent anti-3-[18F]FACBC positron emission tomography-computerized tomography plus 111In-capromab pendetide single photon emission computerized tomography-computerized tomography for suspected recurrent prostate carcinoma within 90 days. Reference standards were applied by a multidisciplinary board. We calculated diagnostic performance for detecting disease.
Results
In the 91 of 93 patients with sufficient data for a consensus on the presence or absence of prostate/bed disease anti-3-[18F]FACBC had 90.2% sensitivity, 40.0% specificity, 73.6% accuracy, 75.3% positive predictive value and 66.7% negative predictive value compared to 111In-capromab pendetide with 67.2%, 56.7%, 63.7%, 75.9% and 45.9%, respectively. In the 70 of 93 patients with a consensus on the presence or absence of extraprostatic disease anti-3-[18F]FACBC had 55.0% sensitivity, 96.7% specificity, 72.9% accuracy, 95.7% positive predictive value and 61.7% negative predictive value compared to 111In-capromabpendetide with10.0%, 86.7%, 42.9%, 50.0% and 41.9%, respectively. Of 77 index lesions used to prove positivity histological proof was obtained in 74 (96.1%). Anti-3-[18F]FACBC identified 14 more positive prostate bed recurrences (55 vs 41) and 18 more patients with extraprostatic involvement (22 vs 4). Anti-3-[18F]FACBC positron emission tomography-computerized tomography correctly up-staged 18 of 70 cases (25.7%) in which there was a consensus on the presence or absence of extraprostatic involvement.
Conclusions
Better diagnostic performance was noted for anti-3-[18F]FACBC positron emission tomography-computerized tomography than for 111In-capromab pendetide single photon emission computerized tomography-computerized tomography for prostate carcinoma recurrence. The former method detected significantly more prostatic and extraprostatic disease.
Neuroimaging studies in humans have demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines target basal ganglia function and presynaptic dopamine (DA), leading to symptoms of depression. Cytokine-treated nonhuman primates also exhibit evidence of altered DA metabolism in association with depressive-like behaviors. To further examine cytokine effects on striatal DA function, eight rhesus monkeys (four male, four female) were administered interferon (IFN)-α (20 MIU/m(2) s.c.) or saline for 4 weeks. In vivo microdialysis was used to investigate IFN-α effects on DA release in the striatum. In addition, positron emission tomography (PET) with [(11)C]raclopride was used to examine IFN-α-induced changes in DA2 receptor (D2R) binding potential before and after intravenous amphetamine administration. DA transporter binding was measured by PET using [(18)F]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-fluoroethyl)nortropane. Anhedonia-like behavior (sucrose consumption) was assessed during saline and IFN-α administration. In vivo microdialysis demonstrated decreased release of DA after 4 weeks of IFN-α administration compared with saline. PET neuroimaging also revealed decreased DA release after 4 weeks of IFN-α as evidenced by reduced displacement of [(11)C]raclopride following amphetamine administration. In addition, 4 weeks of IFN-α was associated with decreased D2R binding but no change in the DA transporter. Sucrose consumption was reduced during IFN-α administration and was correlated with decreased DA release at 4 weeks as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Taken together, these findings indicate that chronic peripheral IFN-α exposure reduces striatal DA release in association with anhedonia-like behavior in nonhuman primates. Future studies examining the mechanisms of cytokine effects on DA release and potential therapeutic strategies to reverse these changes are warranted.
Young women after MI have a 2-fold likelihood of developing MSIMI compared with men and a similar increase in conventional stress ischemia. Microvascular dysfunction and peripheral vasoconstriction with mental stress are implicated in MSIMI among women but not among men, perhaps reflecting women's proclivity toward ischemia because of microcirculatory abnormalities.
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