Implementation of policies at AMCs that restricted pharmaceutical detailing between 2006 and 2012 was associated with modest but significant reductions in prescribing of detailed drugs across 6 of 8 major drug classes; however, changes were not seen in all of the AMCs that enacted policies.
Active and Assisted Living (AAL) aims at providing services for elderly or disabled people in their homes using modern smart home technology and AAL software. The accessibility of user interfaces for such systems is of particular interest. This article proposes a model-based solution for selecting the best device and modality for user interactions of AAL services using the Ambient Assisted Living user interfaces (AALuis) framework. The best device and modality for a given situation depends on context information provided by the AAL system. An exemplary household was modeled as a Bayesian Network, incorporating a selection of devices and their modalities, together with relevant context information regarding the user and the environment. Each entity of the network is assigned with a probability. For devices and modalities these probabilities represent a measure of their suitability for output for the user, given the context. This model was then used to simulate different scenarios, in order to review the results of this selection mechanism.
Focusing illusion describes how people, when making choices, give disproportionate attention and weight to attributes in which their options differ more. It can lead to harmful loan consumption because when considering a loan, one may attend excessively to the difference between getting the loaned amount and not, while ignoring the differences between making and not making repayments. In two experiments, we demonstrate that the effect of focusing illusion in loan decisions can be dampened by carefully designing the set of plans offered. The crux is to offer a steeply-decreasing installments plan alongside the usual fixed installments plan so that consumers are less likely to borrow, because the decreasing plan attracts attention to making repayments. We conclude that policy may combat against harmful loan consumption by prescribing joint presentation of loan offers such that at least one option includes high initial repayments, dampening the salience of getting the good.
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