Use-dependent plasticity, or learning from repetition, is an important process for upper extremity reaching tasks, but its contribution to walking is not well established. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a dose-dependent, use-dependent process during visually guided treadmill walking. We also show that sensory prediction errors, previously thought to drive aftereffects in similar locomotor learning paradigms, do not appear to play a significant role in visually driven learning of a novel step asymmetry during treadmill walking.

We would like to thank Margaret French for her helpful comments during phase 1 of this Registered Report and Simón Herrera Suarez for assistance with data processing. We would also like to thank the reviewers for their helpful comments during the phase 1 review process which motivated some of the model modifications.

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Background: Lower limb proprioception is critical for maintaining stability during gait and may impact how individuals modify their movements in response to changes in the environment and body state, a process termed sensorimotor adaptation. However, the connection between lower limb proprioception and sensorimotor adaptation during human gait has not been established. We suspect this gap is due in part to the lack of reliable, efficient methods to assess global lower limb proprioception in an ecologically valid context. New Method: We assessed static lower limb proprioception using an alternative forced choice task, administered twice to determine test-retest reliability. Participants stood on a dual-belt treadmill which passively moved one limb to stimulus locations selected by a Bayesian adaptive algorithm. At the stimulus locations, participants judged relative foot positions and the algorithm estimated the point of subjective equality (PSE) and the uncertainty of lower limb proprioception. Results: Using the Bland-Altman method, combined with Bayesian statistics, we found that both the PSE and uncertainty estimates had good reliability. Comparison with Existing Method(s): Current methods assessing static lower limb proprioception do so within a single joint, in non-weight bearing positions, and rely heavily on memory. One exception assessed static lower limb proprioception in standing but did not measure reliability and contained confounds impacting participants judgments, which we experimentally controlled here. Conclusions: This efficient and reliable method assessing lower limb proprioception will aid future mechanistic understanding of locomotor adaptation and serve as a useful tool for basic and clinical researchers studying balance and falls.