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The Muller F element (4.2 Mb, ~80 protein-coding genes) is an unusual autosome of Drosophila melanogaster; it is mostly heterochromatic with a low recombination rate. To investigate how these properties impact the evolution of repeats and genes, we manually improved the sequence and annotated the genes on the D. erecta, D. mojavensis, and D. grimshawi F elements and euchromatic domains from the Muller D element. We find that F elements have greater transposon density (25–50%) than euchromatic reference regions (3–11%). Among the F elements, D. grimshawi has the lowest transposon density (particularly DINE-1: 2% vs. 11–27%). F element genes have larger coding spans, more coding exons, larger introns, and lower codon bias. Comparison of the Effective Number of Codons with the Codon Adaptation Index shows that, in contrast to the other species, codon bias in D. grimshawi F element genes can be attributed primarily to selection instead of mutational biases, suggesting that density and types of transposons affect the degree of local heterochromatin formation. F element genes have lower estimated DNA melting temperatures than D element genes, potentially facilitating transcription through heterochromatin. Most F element genes (~90%) have remained on that element, but the F element has smaller syntenic blocks than genome averages (3.4–3.6 vs. 8.4–8.8 genes per block), indicating greater rates of inversion despite lower rates of recombination. Overall, the F element has maintained characteristics that are distinct from other autosomes in the Drosophila lineage, illuminating the constraints imposed by a heterochromatic milieu.

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One hundred eighty-nine academics rated 54 journals concerned with the behavioral aspects of management. Journals were evaluated in regard to the quality of research they published. Results of respondents' ratings are compared to the Social Science Citation Index and earlier studies evaluating managerial journals. In addition, biases hypothesized to affect these ratings are analyzed. Although findings are generally consistent with earlier research, this survey is unique in its focus on the behavioral aspects of management, the large number of rated journals, and its analysis of differences in ratings.

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The present experiment tests the hypothesis that one's self-monitoring abilities affect one's willingness to reciprocate important parameters of a partner's selfdisclosures during the acquaintance process. Subjects who had previously completed Snyder's Self-Monitoring Scale alternated with a confederate in disclosing private information on four personal topics. The confederate spoke first on each topic, presenting either highly intimate or. nonintimate information in response to all four issues. Content analyses of subjects' disclosures provided strong support for the experimental hypotheses: High self-monitors were more likely than low self-monitors to reciprocate the intimacy, emotionality, and descriptive content of the confederate's presentations when self-disclosing to this person. Analyses of postexperimental data suggested that high and low self-monitors processed information about confederates' social behavior similarly but were differentially motivated to use this information when formulating their own self-presentational strategies.Developing relationships between new acquaintances are characterized by the exchange of information about the selves (i.e., self-disclosure). Perhaps the most consistent finding in laboratory studies of the acquaintance process is the so-called "dyadic" or "disclosure reciprocity" effect: The best predictor of the level of self-disclosure that Person X will use in revealing himself or herself to Person Y is the level of disclosure that Person Y exhibited when relating to X (for literature reviews, see Archer, 1979;Chaikin & Derlega, 1974;Cozby, 1973). Typically, reciprocity of disclosure among acquaintances evolves as one member of the dyad assumes the role of "pacesetter" in respectThe authors are indebted to Shelly Barnette, William Combs, Martha McFadden, and Arthur Miltadis, who assisted us in collecting the data, and to Sally Humpheries and Dennis Benson, who served as raters for the content analyses of subjects' self-disclosures. We also wish to thank Gordon J. Chelune and William G. Graziano for their helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

Abstract. A candidate live-attenuated virus vaccine for protection against Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) (designated V3526) was tested in mice to measure the magnitude, duration, and kinetics of virus replication in the blood and the central nervous system and its phenotypic stability after multiple passages in mice and cell culture. All results were compared to parallel experiments with parental virus and the existing VEE virus vaccine, TC-83. Maximum virus titers in the brains of V3526-inoculated mice were between 10-and 100-fold less than those observed in brains of mice inoculated intracranially (ic) with either the parental virus or TC-83. Neither V3526 nor TC-83 was lethal in BALB/c mice inoculated ic. However, mice inoculated with TC-83 developed acute symptoms lasting at least 14 days. In contrast, ic inoculation of TC-83 was uniformly lethal for C3H/HeN mice. V3526 was avirulent in both BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice after ic inoculation. The virulence characteristics of V3526 remained unchanged after five serial ic passages in mouse brains or after five cell culture passages. Finally, pathologic changes induced after ic inoculation of V3526 were consistently less severe and of shorter duration than those observed in TC-83-inoculated mice. Based on these results, V3526 is stable and appears to be significantly less neurovirulent in mice than TC-83.

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