The purpose of this study was to analyze 47 laryngeal papillomas in children for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA by in situ hybridization and RT in situ PCR and to correlate these results with the histologic findings. HPV DNA was detected by in situ hybridization in 29 of 47 (62%) of the cases; all positive cases contained HPVs 6 or 11. HPV DNA detection was associated with a statistically significant increase in the presence of keratohyaline granules, nonuniform perinuclear halos, and marked papillomatosis (P<0.02). The viral load was low, defined by less than 20 HPV-positive cells per tissue with a correspondingly weak signal, in 19 of 29 (65%) of the positive cases. In comparison, a high viral load was evident in 19 of 21 (90%) of vulvar condylomas. The laryngeal lesions negative for HPV by in situ hybridization were tested for HPV by RT in situ PCR using primers specific for HPVs 6 and 11. The detection rate of HPV increased to 38 of 47 (81%) after PCR amplification. It is concluded that laryngeal papillomas in childhood are characterized, in general, by a relatively low HPV viral load and that the cases with productive viral infection, as demonstrated by in situ hybridization, are associated with nonuniform keratohyaline granules, nonuniform perinuclear halos, and marked papillomatosis.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) national security exemption (NSE) status can be applied to new and existing U.S. flagged vessels having a national defense mission and meeting associated criteria. Benefits of installing noncompliant marine engines on NSE vessels may include preserving a vessel class’ primary defense mission capability and engine configuration control. The drawback is increased emissions. An objective and versatile methodology framework was developed to quantify the cost-benefit tradeoff for NSE vessels, vehicles, and equipment. The parametric-based comparison of one-time and ongoing costs with monetized health benefit (utilized in conventional regulatory impact analyses) satisfactorily encompasses the fundamentals of environmental health risk and can be applied to all mobile and stationary equipment types.
The Navy pilot program investigated cost-effective technologies to reduce emissions from legacy marine engines. High-speed, high-population engine models in both commercial and Navy fleets were targeted. Emission reductions were sought that would minimize fuel penalty as well as installation and operating costs. Navy operating conditions and fuels limited options. Five highly rated technologies were laboratory tested on a Detroit Diesel Corporation 12V-71N engine using two military and three alternative fuels. Two control technologies were then shipboard tested (baseline, 1-year early degradation, and 9-year late-life). Conclusions and recommendations are provided to inform application of these and similar emission control technologies within both commercial and Navy fleets.
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